LUTTE CONTRE LA DESERTIFICATION EN AFRIQUE:La grande muraille verte : où en est-on ?
![LUTTE CONTRE LA DESERTIFICATION EN AFRIQUE:La grande muraille verte : où en est-on ?](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/sahara.jpg)
Restaurer un milliard d’hectares de terres dégradées d’ici à 2030. Voilà l’objectif principal de la COP15 à Abidjan. Cette conférence onusienne sur la désertification vise également à adopter des mesures concrètes pour conserver les terres en bon état tout en garantissant la sécurité alimentaire. A l’occasion de la COP15, nous revenons sur le projet de la grande muraille verte pour le Sahara et le Sahel, lancé il y a une quinzaine d’années. Une initiative africaine qui vise à créer une mosaïque d’écosystèmes et de territoires verts et productifs au Sahel.
![](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Carte_geographique_du_Sahara..jpg)
Ibrahim OROU NAM
Quatre millions d’hectares sur cent millions envisagés d’ici à 2030. Tel est le résultat du premier rapport d’évaluation, commandé par la Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification publié en septembre 2020. Environ 15{e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} de terres aménagés par cet ambitieux programme de restauration écologique au service de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Et pourtant, cette démarche « multisolution » devrait permettre aux populations de vivre sur place, à l’heure où 135 millions de personnes au Sahel sont touchées par la dégradation des terres.
Selon l’Agence panafricaine de la Grande Muraille verte, installée à Nouakchott, avec pour mission de coordonner les avancées dans les différents pays, 200 millions de dollars ont été mobilisés depuis le début de l’initiative, dont 150 millions provenant de financements étrangers, le reste étant pris en charge par les Etats eux-mêmes. Les donateurs avancent de leur côté, 870 millions de dollars de fonds mobilisés. Un écart qui, selon le rapport, tiendrait au fait que ces institutions « mènent des opérations en dehors du tracé initialement défini par les pays africains tout en les comptabilisant dans la Grande Muraille. »
D’où est partie l’idée d’une muraille verte ?
L’idée d’une muraille verte fut approuvée lors de la 7ème session de la conférence des dirigeants et chefs de gouvernement africains de la Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens à Ouagadougou, en juin 2005. Le projet est né en 2002 d’une idée d’Olusegun Obasanjo, président de la République fédérale du Nigéria, lors d’un sommet spécial tenu au Tchad, à l’occasion de la journée mondiale pour combattre la désertification et la sécheresse.
C’est au cours de la 8ème session des dirigeants et chefs de gouvernement africains tenue les 29 et 30 janvier 2007 à Addis-Abeba, en Éthiopie, que les dirigeants ont approuvé l’initiative de Grande muraille verte pour le Sahara et le Sahel pour lutter contre les impacts sociaux, économiques et environnementaux de la désertification dans la région. Ainsi, onze états sahélo-sahariens (Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Érythrée, Éthiopie, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, Sénégal, Soudan et Tchad) ont créé l’Agence panafricaine de la grande muraille verte (APGMV).
Bilan pas reluisant
À l’occasion des quinze ans du lancement du programme, un rapport est commandé par la Convention des Nations unies sur la lutte contre la désertification et publié le 7 septembre 2020. Le document révèle que seuls quatre millions d’hectares sur un objectif de cent ont été plantés. L’inconstance des bailleurs de fonds ainsi que les conflits et l’insécurité au Sahel sont pointés du doigt. Seuls le Sénégal et l’Éthiopie ont vraiment donné de l’importance au projet (15 {e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} de la Muraille achevée).
En septembre 2021, l’AFD estime que 20 millions d’hectares ont été restaurés et 350 000 emplois créés. Le projet de la Grande Muraille verte nécessite l’implication de tous. La mobilisation des donateurs seule ne suffira pas. Il faudra veiller à la mise en œuvre efficace et efficiente du projet sur le terrain et impliquer les populations dont l’expertise pourrait permettre d’asseoir durablement « la grande muraille verte ». Il est donc urgent d’obtenir davantage de soutien pour éviter une catastrophe climatique dans tout le Sahel.
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