PRATIQUE DE LA ROTATION DE CULTURES: Une solution durable pour l’enrichissement des sols
![PRATIQUE DE LA ROTATION DE CULTURES: Une solution durable pour l’enrichissement des sols](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/rotation.png)
A l’ère des changements climatiques, la destruction des sols est un véritable problème d’actualité auquel sont confrontés les paysans dans l’exercice de leurs travaux champêtres. Pour pallier ce problème et enrichir les différentes terres détruites du fait notamment des activités de l’homme, plusieurs techniques agricoles méritent d’être envisagées. La technique de rotation de cultures en est une. Qu’est-ce qu’une technique de rotation de cultures ? Comment s’organiser pour mettre en place une rotation de cultures ? Et en quoi l’application d’une telle technique est-elle importante pour la fertilisation des sols ?
![](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/rotation.png)
Yélian Martine AWELE
Démarche naturelle qui permet d’empêcher l’épuisement des ressources de la terre et qui limite la diffusion des maladies, la rotation des cultures, également appelée « assolement » est importante en jardinage. Cette technique favorise le maintien de la richesse des sols et ainsi l’augmentation des rendements, ce qui permet de récolter de beaux légumes sans avoir besoin d’effectuer beaucoup de traitement. « Pour avoir une récolte abondante, il nécessaire de prendre en compte la disposition de ses plantes », notifie Lidvine BALOITCHA, consultante en agro-écologie et gestion durable des terres et adaptation au changement climatique.
La rotation culturale, explique-t-elle, est une méthode qui consiste à ne pas cultiver une même catégorie de plantes au même endroit d’une année à l’autre. Différentes cultures se succèdent alors dans un ordre préétabli sur la même parcelle, le même enchaînement de cultures se reproduisant dans le temps en cycles égaux. En résumé, la rotation des cultures consiste alors à pratiquer un assolement, c’est-à-dire à diviser le terrain en plusieurs cultures afin d’y cultiver des catégories de légumes différentes. Le principe va alors être d’effectuer un roulement de ces cultures d’année en année entre les sols.
En effet, pour ne pas épuiser les sols, il urge d’adopter le principe de la rotation des cultures afin d’alterner d’année en année différents types de légumes sur la même parcelle. Gérer et planifier la disposition des plantes potagères va s’avérer bénéfique pour elles selon les propos de la spécialiste de l’environnement pour qui : « il n’est pas judicieux de planter plusieurs années consécutives une même famille de légumes au même endroit car cela épuiserait les ressources du sol, au désavantage des générations futures ». À en croire ses mots, chaque catégorie de légumes a ses besoins bien spécifiques. Planter une même famille toujours au même endroit appauvrirait alors le sol des nutriments dont elle a besoin. En dehors de cet avantage, la rotation de cultures permet de limiter la propagation des maladies. « Chaque plante a des parasites qui lui sont propres, et qui sont souvent tenaces et restent dans le sol jusqu’à l’année suivante. En conclusion, à l’arrivée d’une nouvelle culture, ces derniers vont de nouveau se reproduire. Excellent moyen d’anéantir ces indésirables, la rotation des cultures va créer une interruption dans leur cycle de vie et ainsi permettre de prévenir leur apparition. » Contre la croissance des mauvaises herbes également, la rotation des cultures va être bénéfique en cassant leur cycle de développement et par conséquent, en freinant leur apparition. Dans la rotation culturale, il est ainsi question de santé et de nutrition pour les plantes.
![](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/tomatos.png)
Les haricots, les petits-pois, les fèves, les lentilles, par exemple, sont des plantes dites « améliorantes » qui fixent « l’azote présent dans le sol, ce qui favorise un sol plus riche sans y apporter de l’engrais ». En matière de légumes, les choux, les épinards, la salade, les endives ont des racines très peu profondes et ont besoin d’une quantité importante de fertilisants riches en azote, qui vont favoriser la pousse des feuilles et leur apporter des sels minéraux.
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