FRUIT ET CULTURE : A la découverte du jaboticaba
Le son nom scientifique « Plinia cauliflora », le jaboticaba également appelé vigne brésilienne ou Guapurude, est une espèce de petits arbres à fruits natifs de la région du Minas Gerais, dans le sud-est du Brésil. Il pousse avec satisfaction même sur des sols alcalins type sable de plage, aussi longtemps qu’il est sarclé et irrigué.
Le jaboticaba est un arbre cauliflore à croissance lente qui préfère les sols humides, faiblement acides. Il possède des feuilles couleur saumon quand elles sont jeunes, tirant sur le vert ultérieurement. Ses fleurs blanches poussent directement sur le tronc.
Dans la nature l’espèce ne fleurit et fructifie habituellement qu’une ou deux fois par an, mais lorsqu’elle est continuellement irriguée, elle fleurit fréquemment et des fruits frais peuvent être produits tout au long de l’année dans les régions tropicales. Le fruit est noir-pourpre, mesure 3-4 cm de diamètre, et contient d’un à quatre grosses graines. Il possède une pulpe blanche et sucrée ou rose et gélatineuse. Commun sur les étals de marché brésilien, le jaboticaba est largement consommé cru. Le fruit frais commence à fermenter 3 ou 4 jours après la cueillette, ainsi il est souvent utilisé pour préparer des confitures, des tartes, des jus, des vins forts, et des liqueurs.
Comment entretenir un Jaboticaba ?
Le Jaboticaba peut s’acclimater au climat tempéré méditerranéen du sud de la France ou en pot en intérieur si le climat français ne le permet pas. Il faudra toutefois veiller à plusieurs facteurs de son environnement.
Comment cultiver du Jaboticaba en pot et en pleine terre
Planté dans un jardin, le jaboticaba préfère les sols humides et légèrement acides, mais il s’adapte très facilement même aux substrats alcalins et sableux lorsqu’il est soigné et irrigué. Planté en extérieur, il faut donc placer le jaboticaba dans un endroit humide et si possible près d’une source d’eau. Le jaboticaba peut aussi pousser en pot.
En effet, l’arbre fruitier brésilien est souvent cultivé en intérieur comme plante ornementale ou en bonsaï. À titre d’exemple, le jaboticaba est devenu une espèce largement utilisée dans l’art du bonsaï, notamment à Taïwan et dans certaines régions des Caraïbes. Il s’adapte assez bien aux diverses conditions climatiques et tolère la sécheresse mais il fera moins de fruits que dans les conditions les plus favorables. Il est conseillé d’arroser l’arbre régulièrement en y ajoutant de l’engrais mais pas de manière excessive, pour lui permettre une croissance et une fructification optimale. Pour garder la terre humide, il faut utiliser une bouteille remplie d’eau avec un trou à la base, à côté du tronc. Sinon pour les plants plus petits en culture intérieure, il est conseillé d’utiliser un kit d’arrosage automatique dans lequel on peut pré-doser l’engrais. Il est important de lui ajouter de l’engrais du type 12-12-17 dilué dans l’eau à hauteur de 3 grammes d’engrais par litre d’eau selon sa taille afin qu’il se développe plus rapidement et fasse de belles fructifications.
Yélian Martine AWELE
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