FRUIT & CULTURE : A la découverte de l’abricot
![FRUIT & CULTURE : A la découverte de l’abricot](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/11.jpg)
L’abricot est le fruit d’un arbre généralement de petite taille appelé abricotier, de la famille des Rosacées, scientifiquement appelé « Prunus armeniaca », originaire d’Asie centrale. L’abricot est un fruit très apprécié par les populations qui en consomment. Mais comment le cultive-t-on ?
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L’abricotier est un arbre de petite taille au port naturellement étalé, dépassant rarement 6 mètres de hauteur. Sa durée de vie est en général de 40 à 45 ans. Sa récolte peut être espérée 3 ou 4 années après plantation. « C’est un arbre fruitier résistant à la sécheresse et assez facile à vivre : l’entretien est minime, et la taille est facultative », souligne Bénin Fruits et Fleurs.
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Plantation
La plantation de l’abricotier intervient de préférence au début de l’hiver, en période de repos végétatif. Il est néanmoins possible de l’installer au printemps, mais il faut alors veiller à l’arroser régulièrement durant l’été, pour permettre une bonne reprise. Pour planter plusieurs abricotiers (ou autres arbres fruitiers) côte à côte, il est conseillé de prévoir un espacement d’au moins 1,5 mètre entre deux plants. En ce qui concerne le sol, le principal critère est le drainage : l’abricotier ne supporte pas les excès d’humidité et se plaît dans un substrat bien drainé. Les sols ordinaires, neutres ou calcaires, lui conviennent, avec une nette préférence pour les sols légers et sablonneux. Comme la plupart des arbres fruitiers, l’abricotier a besoin de soleil. « Si vous habitez une région où les hivers sont plutôt froids, placez-le à l’abri du vent, par exemple contre un mur orienté au Sud », explique Henri LISSANON, producteur. « La plupart des abricotiers sont reproduits par greffe, en été, sur un porte-greffe qui peut être un prunier, un abricotier franc, un pêcher franc ou encore un amandier franc, ou encore par greffe en incrustation. Le choix du porte-greffe est particulièrement important, car il permet d’adapter l’abricotier à la nature du sol, au climat ou à la forme que l’on souhaite pour l’arbre », ajoute-t-il.
Par ailleurs, la floraison de l’abricotier a lieu entre février et avril, selon les régions et les variétés, avant l’apparition des feuilles. Les abricotiers donnent des récoltes aléatoires : elles peuvent varier de 0 à 200kg de fruits par arbre. Plusieurs facteurs interviennent là : le climat, la fertilisation, l’âge de l’arbre, les maladies et parasites, et la taille. Pour optimiser la fructification, au début du printemps, il faut griffer le sol au pied de l’arbre et répandez du compost ou du fumier décomposé. « Vous pouvez renouveler l’opération à l’automne. Au niveau de l’arrosage, un abricotier planté depuis plusieurs années n’a normalement pas besoin d’être arrosé, sauf période de sécheresse particulièrement prolongée », note le spécialiste. L’abricotier est sujet aux mêmes ravageurs et maladies que ceux qui affectent le pêcher, notamment la cloque du pêcher. Les maladies cryptogamiques (oïdium, moniliose) peuvent être prévenues grâce à un traitement à la bouillie bordelaise, au printemps. L’autre problème fréquent sur l’abricotier est l’écoulement de gomme (substance épaisse et collante) sur l’écorce de l’arbre. C’est le signe d’une mauvaise adéquation de l’arbre avec le sol, d’un excès d’humidité, d’une blessure, d’une attaque par un insecte ou un champignon, d’un déséquilibre nutritionnel.
Yélian Martine AWELE
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