INÉGALITÉS DE GENRE : Face aux pesticides, les femmes sont les plus vulnérables
![INÉGALITÉS DE GENRE : Face aux pesticides, les femmes sont les plus vulnérables](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230922_091458.jpeg)
Il est connu de tous que les femmes sont l’élément central de la main d’œuvre de l’agriculture mondiale. Vu que les pesticides sont d’usage abusif de nos jours, il serait justifiable d’affirmer qu’elles sont les plus exposées et vulnérables contrairement aux hommes qui semblent avoir, pour une ou autre raison, une longueur d’avance sur ces dernières.
![](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/20230922_091458-1024x683.jpeg)
Jean-Baptiste HONTONNOU
Elles représentent 43 % de la main-d’œuvre agricole dans le monde. Et près de 70 % des femmes salariées en Asie du Sud et plus de 60 % d’entre elles en Afrique subsaharienne travaillent dans l’agriculture. Toutefois, leur participation à ce secteur est sans doute sous-estimée. En effet, que ce soit dans l’agriculture de subsistance ou dans l’emploi formel et informel, les femmes sont régulièrement exposées aux pesticides toxiques. Selon l’Atlas des pesticides, un rapport de 2023 qui met en exergue les faits et chiffres sur les substances chimiques toxiques dans l’agriculture, « les femmes accomplissent une grande part du travail d’application des pesticides dans certains pays et secteurs ». Comme dans les plantations de café et de fruits en Afrique du Sud et dans les bananeraies du Costa Rica, ou encore en Malaisie où on estime qu’elles sont 300 000 sur l’ensemble des plantations. D’après une autre étude, ces femmes sont fréquemment exposées aux pesticides extrêmement dangereux lorsqu’elles mélangent, transvasent et pulvérisent les produits.
Considérant de récentes statistiques, le nombre d’intoxications aigües et non intentionnelles par les pesticides s’élèverait chaque année à 385 millions, soit environ la moitié de la population agricole de la planète. Toutefois, les chiffres ne permettent pas d’estimer le taux d’incidence de ces empoisonnements chez les femmes, car la recherche sur la santé au travail manque de données par sexe.
Alors, comment les femmes sont-elles plus vulnérables que les hommes et comment la question de genre entre en jeu ?
D’abord, à travers les différentes tâches qui sont réservées à la femme, tant dans l’agriculture que dans le foyer, elle est contaminée deux fois plus que l’homme. A titre illustratif, plusieurs études menées en Bolivie, en Afrique du Sud et en Tanzanie ont indiqué que le taux d’alphabétisation plus faible des femmes et leur accès limité aux formations, accentuaient leur vulnérabilité face aux pesticides. Les femmes étaient incapables d’identifier les noms des pesticides qu’elles utilisaient et de lire ou de comprendre les informations sur la sécurité figurant sur les étiquettes. Alors que dans le cas contraire, les hommes étaient bien instruits et pouvaient faire gaffe face aux pesticides. Ainsi, l’Atlas des pesticides va affirmer que « les dangers des pesticides ne sont pas les mêmes selon le sexe ».
A en croire ce rapport, les personnes de sexe féminin ayant généralement une plus grande proportion de masse grasse, elles sont plus susceptibles de stocker les polluants qui s’accumulent dans les tissus adipeux. Leur corps est également constitué de plus de tissus sensibles aux hormones, ce qui les rend plus vulnérables à l’égard des pesticides, notamment ceux qui sont hormono-actifs ou connus pour être des perturbateurs endocriniens. Plus loin, ces pesticides créent de problèmes sanitaires à ces femmes comme le cancer de sein. Ils jouent également un rôle dans l’endométriose, une maladie qui provoque de fortes douleurs et qui peut entraîner la stérilité des personnes de sexe féminin et constituer un grave danger pour leur santé reproductive et leur enfant à naître.
Eu donc égard à tous ces aspects, il est important de promouvoir l’agroécologie qui est contre l’utilisation des engrais chimiques, pouvant permettre aux femmes de préserver leur santé. Il est impérieux que l’égalité soit davantage promue dans la prise de décisions importantes afin que les initiatives des femmes bénéficient non seulement aux agriculteurs, mais aussi aux générations futures dont le bien-être dépend de la santé et des conditions de vie des femmes.
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