PRODUCTION DU TARO AU BÉNIN: Une culture mineure moins valorisée.
Les racines et tubercules principalement l’igname, le manioc, la patate douce et le taro contribuent de manière significative à la satisfaction des besoins alimentaires de base de plus d´un milliard d´habitants de la planète, surtout les plus pauvres . Au Bénin par exemple, après le maïs, les racines et tubercules constituent la deuxième source principale de calories dans l´alimentation des populations. Parmi ces racines et tubercules figure le taro qui demeure encore une culture mineure moins valorisée au Bénin.
Le Taro
Laure LEKOSSA.
Le taro est cultivé dans 30 pays environ, qui sont tous des pays en voie de développement, à l’exception du Japon qui produit environ 4 {e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} du total. Selon la FAO, la quantité totale de « taros » (ou d’aracées en général) produite en Afrique en 1998 s’élevait à 6,5 millions de tonnes environ, ce qui correspond à 75 {e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} de la production mondiale estimée à 8,5 millions de tonnes.
En dépit de son importance, la production du taro ne se développe pas au Bénin, contrairement à des pays de la sous –région comme le Togo, en Côte d’Ivoire, au Ghana et surtout au Nigeria qui détient la plus grande production mondiale avec 40 {e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} de la production totale (FAO, 2010). Après des périodes de forte production dans les années 60 et 70 où la production nationale a varié de 4.000 à 18.400 tonnes, le taro occupe une place marginale à l´échelle nationale du Bénin depuis le début des années 80. En 2008, la production nationale du taro n’a été que de 2.500 tonnes avec une superficie exploitée de 1.100 ha, pendant que celle du manioc, de l’igname et de la patate douce était respectivement de 2.629.300 tonnes sur 183.300 ha, 1.802.900 tonnes sur 204.700 ha et 69.500 tonnes sur 35.100 ha (Hibon et coll., 2011).
Le taro et ses exigences agro- écologiques
Le taro est une plante herbacée et pérenne de la famille des aracées, à grandes feuilles atteignant presque la taille d’un homme, avec des rhizomes tuberculeux. Ce sont surtout les tubercules riches en amidon dont la taille, la forme et le goût varient énormément.
La culture du taro est favorisée par des conditions climatiques chaudes et humides avec une température moyenne au-dessus de 21°C et une pluviosité comprise entre 1.500 et 2.000 mm. Le taro préfère un sol léger, meuble, profond et riche en humus et en matières minérales. Un ensoleillement élevé est important afin de favoriser la formation de l’amidon. Lors des opérations culturales, le sol doit être labouré à une profondeur de 20 à 30 cm et des fossés (20 cm x 20 cm) creusés en alternance afin de retenir l’eau conservant ainsi l’humidité. Les distances de plantation sont de 50–80 cm sur la ligne et de 70–120 cm entre les lignes.
Si tant est que la production du taro est moins valorisée au Bénin, c’est clair que le rendement de la production n’est pas aussi significatif que le reste des autres tubercules. Les rendements obtenus sont donc faibles, avec un cycle cultural encore long de 10 à 12 mois. La conséquence est la cherté du produit sur le marché, de sorte que sa consommation est un luxe pour les consommateurs. Des efforts sont nécessaires pour la sélection variétale du taro à haut rendement et à cycle court, la formation des producteurs sur les techniques culturales et la mise à disposition du matériel de reproduction de qualité. Ceci suppose que les producteurs sont exposés à d’énormes difficultés. Les producteurs éprouvent des difficultés notamment à satisfaire aux exigences agronomiques de la culture du taro. Ils ne maîtrisent ni les techniques culturales ni le matériel de reproduction utilisable. Ce faisant, le rendement moyen obtenu n’est que de 3,25 t/ha. Le cycle de production du taro est long. La récolte est effectuée 10 à 12 mois après le semis et de préférence en saison sèche pour éviter la pourriture des cormes. Dans cet intervalle de temps, le maïs est récolté deux fois. Une chose qui ne favorise pas surement les producteurs. Vivement que les politiques publiques pour le développement du secteur agricole œuvrent pour le développement de cette culture au Bénin.
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