ACCES DES FEMMES A LA TERRE : Un frein au développement durable des pays d’Afrique de l’ouest ?
![ACCES DES FEMMES A LA TERRE : Un frein au développement durable des pays d’Afrique de l’ouest ?](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/zsdjhsd.jpg)
Au Bénin, comme dans la plupart des pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, l’économie est essentiellement basée sur l’agriculture. La terre étant donc un élément capital dans ce domaine, son accès équitable pour les femmes comme pour les hommes n’est toujours pas une réalité. Une situation qui perdure dans le temps et qui demande des actions urgentes de la part des dirigeants.
![](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/zsdjhsd-1024x498.jpg)
Yélian Martine AWELE
L’accès limité des femmes à la terre en Afrique constitue un frein au développement durable, surtout en milieu rural. Selon le Programme des nations unies pour le développement (PNUD), les inégalités liées au genre coûtent chaque année 95 milliards de dollars au continent. D’autres chiffres records renseignent que les femmes représentent « plus de 40% de la main-d’œuvre agricole en Afrique, mais ne possèdent que 15% environ des terres agricoles ».
En effet, en vertu des lois coutumières, les femmes ont des droits fonciers limités ; ce qui entrave leur capacité à sécuriser l’accès à la terre et limite leurs opportunités économiques. Ainsi, les contestations foncières peuvent déclencher des tensions et des conflits dans lesquels les femmes sont particulièrement vulnérables aux violences physiques, psychologiques, morales, sexuelles et économiques. Glory LUEONG, membre de FIAN International note que :
« les femmes n’ont même pas accès aux herbes ou arbres médicaux. Alors que c’est nous qui préparons de la nourriture dans le contexte africain, c’est nous qui cherchons le bois pour chauffer ou cuisiner, et pourtant, c’est nous qui sommes les plus confrontées à cette discrimination d’accès à la terre, au foncier généralement et aux autres ressources naturelles. »
Or, une étude menée par la Banque mondiale a démontré que « si les femmes avaient un accès égal aux ressources agricoles en Afrique, cela pourrait augmenter les rendements agricoles de 20 à 30% et réduire le nombre de personnes souffrant de la faim de 12 à 17% ». Cette même étude a précisé que « libérer le potentiel des femmes dans l’agriculture est essentiel pour renforcer la résilience de l’agriculture africaine face au changement climatique. »
Aujourd’hui, moins d’un propriétaire foncier sur cinq dans le monde est une femme, selon la Convention des Nations Unies sur la lutte contre la désertification (CNULCD). « C’est la moitié de l’humanité qui est plus ou moins discriminée », a déclaré Ibrahim Thiaw, Secrétaire exécutif de la Convention au micro d’ONU Info. On dégrade davantage la terre plutôt que de la gérer, a-t-il continué, avant d’ajouter que
« lorsque la terre est dégradée, ce sont les populations les plus vulnérables qui sont les premières victimes. Et ce sont essentiellement les femmes et les enfants ».
Sans ambages, il urge que les gouvernements agissent de façon décisive à leur niveau afin de récolter les fruits d’une croissance socioéconomique durable et incluse. Ces derniers doivent notamment œuvrer pour l’ « application des réformes foncières et législations équitables; la mise en place de façon efficace des mécanismes de protection juridique et sociale pour prévenir et répondre à la violence faite aux femmes en lien avec l’accès à la terre; le renforcement des capacités d’accès sécurisés des femmes à la terre et aux facteurs de production et de transformation dans le secteur agricole y compris des appuis aux initiatives agricoles et entrepreneuriales des femmes pour stimuler la croissance économique et réduire la pauvreté en Afrique », comme l’a si bien indiqué Massa KONE, Porte-parole de la Convergence Globale.
Okounde Sourou Emile, Acteur de la société civile pense quant à lui que les solutions législatives et institutionnelles existent, mais qu’il manque la volonté politique. « On me chantera que la zone est hydro-géologiquement difficile mais on fait quoi des eaux ? L’accès des femmes aux terres n’est pas seulement une question de droit. Ils oublient souvent que les femmes représentent près de la moitié de la main-d’œuvre agricole mondiale, alors que les pratiques discriminatoires liées à la propriété foncière, à l’accès au crédit, à l’égalité de rémunération et à la prise de décision les empêchent souvent de participer activement à la préservation de la santé des terres », se désole-t-il.
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