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CULTURE DE LA TOMATE AU BÉNIN: L’heure est aux premières récoltes
Laure LEKOSSA
Les producteurs maraichers sont actuellement à l’étape de récoltes des tomates pluviales c’est ce qu’a laissé entendre Kodjo Zohoungbogbo maraicher dans la commune de Grand popo membre de la coopérative Grace de Dieu. « Les récoltes actuelles sont des tomates pluviales parce que les producteurs qui ont irrigué les tomates cette année ont eu de sérieux problèmes avec la variabilité climatique » a-t-il souligné. Richard, un autre maraicher confirme « il y a déjà une semaine que j’ai démarré la récolte de tomate dans mon champ, il y en a qui ont déjà démarré. Et les tomates sont déjà en train d’être convoyées sur les marchés par les bonnes dames pour la vente. Parce que depuis un bon moment, la tomate est chère donc avec l’arrivée des tomates pluviales, le prix pourrait certainement chuter ».
En effet, la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum), est l’une des plus importantes cultures maraîchères du Bénin, avec plus de 200.000 tonnes de production chaque année elle se cultive sur toute l’étendue du territoire et bénéfice par endroits de conditions climatiques et édaphiques permettant une bonne production. À plus de 80 {e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112}, les variétés produites au Bénin sont locales et sont pour la plupart cultivées pendant la saison des pluies. La tomate se cultive pendant la grande saison pluvieuse de juin à octobre au Nord et d’avril à juillet au sud du Bénin. Elle se produit également en petite saison pluvieuse de septembre à novembre au sud du Bénin. La période dite de contre saison débute d’octobre à janvier au Nord et de novembre à février au Sud.
Techniques culturales de la tomate
Pour Kodjo Zohoungbogbo des préalables s’imposent pour tout agriculteur voulant se lancer dans la production de la tomate. Pour produire de la tomate note-t-il , il faut disposer d’une terre propice à sa production. « En amont, il faut de l’eau d’arrosage disponible sur le lieu de production pour l’arrosage de la pépinière à mettre en place ; disposer également du compost bien décomposé ou du fumier bien décomposé afin de permettre aux plantules de bien se développer une fois en pépinière ». Il explique qu’il faut apporter à la parcelle destinée à recevoir la pépinière du compost ou du fumier bien décomposé et l’arroser pendant 72 Heures. Ensuite, tracer les raies d’environ 10 à 12 cm sur la parcelle, à l’intérieur des raies y mettre les semences de tomates sans être serre entre elles. Après cela, refermez légèrement ses raies et paillez la pépinière ; arrosez la pépinière au moins deux fois par jour puis apprêtez la parcelle destinée à recevoir le repiquage de la tomate après 21 jours. 6 à 8 jours après le levé, l’agriculteur a la possibilité d’enlever le paillis et d’y mettre de l’ombrière.
Une fois la parcelle de repiquage apprêté (labour, confection des planches,) utilisé le rayonnaire pour savoir les écartements à adopter entre plants et entre-lignes des tomates. Ainsi, une fois les écartements connus et identifiés, il est préférable de faire les poquets en vue d’économiser son compost ou son fumier bien décomposé et permettre à la plante de jouir efficacement des substances nutritives qui y sont contenues. L’arrosage intervient également après 72 heures et le repiquage de la pépinière après 21jours. Utilisez un fongicide, un insecticide selon le moment s’y prête notamment à la vue de l’apparition des premiers boutons faite- il savoir avec pour une dose de 200 kg /ha en plus de la potasse de la même quantité et l’apporter aux plants de tomate. Apportez également des biostimulants pour non seulement combler le déficit ou l’absence totale de certains nutriments, mais de booster aussi la production. Entre 60 à 75 jours, les premières tomates sont mûres pour être ainsi récoltées. Le nombre de récoltes dépend de l’entretien fait à vitre production. Il varie de 5 à 12 fois et plus selon le cas.
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