LUTTE ANTI-NEMATODE EN MARAICHAGE : Des thérapies préventives pour avoir un rendement meilleur
La lutte contre les nématodes reste cruciale dans le processus de développement des plantes. Doté d’un pouvoir nuisible pouvant endommager les cultures, ces petits vers du sol contribuent ainsi au mauvais rendement. Quelles méthodes simples pour épargner les cultures maraîchères ?
Nématode de la tomate
Nadège EKPO
Les nématodes sont de minuscules vers ronds. Ils vivent dans le sol et l’eau. La plupart de ces parasites sont actifs dans la décomposition de la matière première organique, important pour le jardin. Par contre, les nématodes qui vivent sur les racines des végétaux sont doublement pathogènes car «ils détruisent directement les végétaux infestés en empêchant la circulation efficace des substances nutritives » confirme Imorou Issiaka, ingénieur agronome en production végétale. En effet,les nématodes pathogènes peuvent s’attaquer à un grand nombre de végétaux, en particulier au potager où ils causent des dégâts irrémédiables sur les tomates, les poivrons, les pommes de terre, les betteraves, les concombres, les laitues, etc. « Dans certains maraichages, les nématodes sont plus rares car leurs périodes d’attaques s’étendent du printemps à l’automne », ajoute-t-il. Cependant, pour la lutte contre les nématodes, il faut passer par l’application des moyens préventifs.
Quelques moyens préventifs de lutte anti-nématodes
Au potager, il faut pratiquer la rotation des cultures car elle évite à la fois l’épuisement des ressources du sol en éléments minéraux et la propagation des maladies parasites, dont les nématodes. Aussi, plantez des plantes compagnes à proximité des plantes sensibles. « Certaines plantes à fleur au potager, contiennent en particulier une substance qui tue les nématodes en s’attaquant aux racines. La plantation de l’ail et de l’oignon, ont également une certaine efficacité dans la lutte contre les nématodes », confirme Imorou Issiaka. Mais, avant toute prévention, il est primordial d’identifier d’abord les plantes attaquées par le parasite. Par conséquent, les symptômes et les dégâts visibles réalisés par les nématodes peuvent s’observer sur différentes parties de la plante. D’abord, « les feuilles jaunissent, se décolorent, s’affaissent, etc. Les fruits ont du mal à se former, se développer et peuvent même présenter des malformations. La plante reste souffreteux, chétive puis les tiges peuvent également montrer des signes de déformations » explique Babio Moussa agriculteur. Enfin, les racines sont les plus touchées car « elles permettent de diagnostiquer plus facilement mais pour cela, il faut arracher la plante concernée, brûlez-les pour être plus sûr ; s’il s’agit bien de nématode parasite, les racines sont alors ampoulées, fourchures » explique-t-il. Les nématodes sont donc des vers parasites qui peuvent causer des dommages importants aux cultures maraîchères. Pour éviter leur propagation, il est essentiel de nettoyer soigneusement les déchets organiques et l’eau contaminée par ces parasites avant de les éliminer. Il faut également désinfecter les outils après chaque intervention au potager. Enfin, il est plus facile d’introduire des nématodes que de se débarrasser d’eux. Il serait donc important de rester donc vigilant afin d’assurer une culture saine et une bonne récolte.
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