TRACHOME : une maladie oculaire nuisible à l’œil
![TRACHOME : une maladie oculaire nuisible à l’œil](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Oeil-infecte.jpg)
Plusieurs maladies infectieuses font des ravages dans les milieux ruraux et pauvres. Parmi tant d’autres, il y a le trachome, qui constitue un problème public dans 42 pays. Quelles sont les dispositions à prendre pour éradiquer ce mal oculaire ?
Oeil infecté par le trachome
Oyéyèmi AGANI
Dans un rapport rendu public par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), il est indiqué les zones dans lesquelles le trachome est endémique. Le trachome évolutif est souvent fréquent chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire, avec des taux de prévalence qui peuvent atteindre 60% à 90%. En effet, le trachome est une infection oculaire chronique causé par la bactérie chlamydia trachomatis, et qui constitue la principale raison de cécité évitable dans de nombreuses régions du Bénin. Elle se transmet par contact direct ou indirect avec l’écoulement oculaire ou nasal chez les personnes infectées. En particulier, les jeunes enfants forment le principal réservoir de l’infection. Les facteurs environnementaux associés à une transmission plus intense de chlamydia trachomatis sont une hygiène insuffisante, des logements surpeuplés, un accès insuffisant à l’eau et aux moyens d’assainissement puis à la mauvaise utilisation de ces derniers.
En 2005, dans le nord du Bénin, spécifiquement dans le département du Borgou, une enquête réalisée fait état d’une prévalence de 2% de trachome actif chez les enfants de moins de 10 ans et d’une absence de TT chez les enfants de plus de 15 ans. Dans le département d’Alibori, les chiffres sont respectivement de 16% et de 1%. D’après le Pr Georges Yaya, chef du service d’ophtalmologie au CHD de Bangui en Centrafrique, c’est une maladie qui se contracte à l’âge jeune et qui évolue jusqu’à l’âge adulte où on devient aveugle par perforation de la cornée. Son maître symptôme est un œil rouge appelé hyperhémie conjonctivale. « C’est un œil rouge qui coule et persiste malgré les traitements habituels administrés à base d’antibiotique. Et cet écoulement persiste jusqu’à ce que les follicules se développent au niveau de l’œil », explique le professeur Georges Yaya.
Quelques approches pour éviter le trachome
Pour éliminer cette infection, il convient de se laver les mains et le visage à l’eau propre, d’éviter le partage de serviettes, de gants de toilette, de linge de lit ou de maquillage pour les yeux avec d’autres personnes et surtout éviter les endroits où les mouches peuvent se reproduire. Outre ces mesures, il « faut adopter un traitement antibiotique qui s’intègre dans un protocole thérapeutique plus large », conseille le professeur. Il faut également faire la chirurgie, l’antibiothérapie, et prendre des mesures d’hygiène et d’assainissement. Mais il est important que le traitement soit fait à temps, dès l’enfance pour faciliter l’éradication de cette maladie. Rappelons que, grâce à la détermination du gouvernement actuelle, le Bénin a franchi cette étape importante dans la lutte contre cette maladie et a reçu le certificat d’élimination de la maladie en juin 2023.
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