RECOLTE D’ARACHIDE : De nouvelles méthodes pour faciliter la tâche aux cultivateurs
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Sixième culture parmi les oléagineuses les plus importantes dans le monde, l’arachide est cultivée dans plus de 100 pays notamment en Asie et en Afrique. Mais sa récolte nécessite beaucoup d’efforts qui donnent du fil à retordre aux agriculteurs. Cependant, de nouvelles stratégies existent pour leur venir en aide.
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Source de revenus pour de nombreux producteurs, l’arachide est une légumineuse riche en protéines et ses graines occupent une place importante dans l’alimentation. D’après le rapport de la FAO en 2003, l’arachide à l’échelle mondiale est cultivée sur 26,4 millions d’hectares pour une production totale de 37,1 millions de tonnes métriques. Après cela, s’en suit une productivité moyenne de 1,4 tonnes à l’hectare. Au Bénin où elle est cultivée dans toutes les communes sauf celles de Cotonou, Sèmè Kpodji et des Aguégués, la productivité varie entre 50 000 et 70 000 tonnes au cours des 10 dernières années. Le rendement de cette dernière demeure faible et varie entre 600 et 80 kg/ha. Ce qui réduit la compétitivité au sein de l’économie nationale. Une des raisons de cet état de chose serait la récolte de cette légumineuse qui nécessite beaucoup d’efforts.
En effet, la récolte d’arachide constitue une étape cruciale et engendre beaucoup d’efforts pour les cultivateurs.
« Le moment des récoltes d’arachide nous cause beaucoup de problèmes surtout au niveau de la hanche parce qu’elle est cultivée dans le sol et il faudra rester courber pour le défricher du sol »
confie un cultivateur d’arachide. Après l’avoir défriché du sol, l’étape suivante est beaucoup plus périlleuse et fastidieuse. À ce niveau, il faudra s’asseoir et enlever l’arachide gousse par gousse des plantes jusqu’à la fin. Et d’après le cultivateur, cela nécessite une importante main d’œuvre. Cette méthode, pratiquée plus au Bénin et dans certaines zones en Asie, entraîne beaucoup de problèmes de santé pour ces cultivateurs surtout au niveau de la hanche.
Par ailleurs, d’autres méthodes existent pour soulager les cultivateurs. La méthode la plus accessible à tout le cultivateur est l’utilisation des bambous. Cette méthode est simple en ce sens que l’on fond le bambou en deux en dépassant légèrement la moitié. Après cela, on fait passer tranquillement les gousses d’arachides entre les lamelles de ce dernier en les frottant pour les enlever. Aussi l’utilisation des machines existent pour faciliter la récolte. « Pour ceux qui disposent d’une superficie supérieure ou égal à 15 hectares, l’utilisation des motoculteurs est conseillée » dixit Valère Tadagbé Houansou, ingénieur agronome praticien. Autre méthode concerne l’utilisation des engins lourds. Cette stratégie est conseillée à ceux qui disposent d’une superficie supérieure ou égale à 50 hectares. D’après l’ingénieur,
« il y a des moissonneuses qui permettent de déterrer les arachides tout en les arrachant du sol et de laisser les pailles et les fanes sur le champ. L’autre méthode est qu’il y a des tracteurs qui viennent déterrer l’arachide et un autre qui vient le ramasser et procéder à l’écoussage ».
En dehors de ces machines, il existe une autre machine dénommée arracheuse d’arachide. Elle est considérée comme la meilleure solution pour récolter les arachides. Grâce à ses deux socs spéciaux, elle permet de soulever les racines au-dessus du sol. Enfin, grâce à ces méthodes, les cultivateurs d’arachides auront désormais moins de difficultés lors des récoltes et par ricochet, éviter les problèmes de hanche. Par ailleurs, cela va engendrer désormais une bonne production de l’arachide en quantité et améliorer la compétitivité au sein de l’économie nationale.
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