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A LA DECOUVERTE DU JACQUIER : Une espèce de plante vertueuse et fructueuse
Le jacquier est un arbre de 2,50 à 3 m de hauteur maximum. Ses feuilles sont ovales à elliptiques, persistantes, de couleur verte sombre. Il porte des fleurs unisexuées de 5 à 15 cm, les mâles en chatons cylindriques, les femelles en formations globuleuses de plus petite taille. Leur couleur est de blanc à jaune verdâtre. C’est une espèce vertueuse connue et demandée sur le marché national et international.
Le jacquier possède une peau coriace, épaisse, constituée de protubérances coniques verdâtres devenant jaunâtres à maturité. Sa sève est un latex blanc légèrement irritant, mais surtout très collant. Le jacquier est un arbre originaire d’Inde et du Bangladesh, introduit dans la plupart des régions tropicales, en particulier pour ses fruits comestibles. Il renferme une chair blanche à jaune crème de saveur sucrée, ferme ou tendre selon qu’il est consommé comme fruit ou légume. Cette chair est filandreuse, presque croquante, juteuse, parfumée et parsemée de graines ovales brunes, toxiques quand elles sont crues. « L’arbre de jaquier commence à produire cinq à six années après la plantation.
Avec 1000 arbres en haute densité sur un hectare, le rendement varie de 40 à 50 tonnes/an. Il peut peser jusqu’à 30 kg (voire 50 kg) et est consommé cru, frit ou cuit ».
Plantation
Il est conseillé de cultiver le jacquier de mars à juin en fonction de la disponibilité des plants. Il ne se plante jamais à l’automne, car en cette période, en plus de perdre complètement son feuillage, le moindre « coup de froid » lui serait fatal. Il faut préparer un mélange terreux un peu acide, léger, riche et drainant ; utiliser comme substrat de départ (pour un plant de moins de 3 ans) 1/3 de terre de bruyère ou humus, 1/3 de terreau horticole, 1/3 de perlite ; ajouter 3 g d’engrais retard par litre de terre. La récolte des fruits a lieu 3 à 6 mois après la floraison avec une production maximale de 70 à 100 kg par arbre et par an. Cependant, il n’est pas un fruit à conserver, il se consomme frais. Les écologistes recommandent d’: «éviter l’usage proche de pesticides pour préserver cette faune en voie de raréfaction, mais aussi pour optimiser la pollinisation à cause des abeilles, oiseaux et bon nombre de pollinisateurs qui sont attirés par ses fleurs.
Propriétés et usages
La pulpe du fruit est généralement consommée crue et fraîche lorsqu’elle est bien mûre. Son goût est un mélange entre l’ananas et la mangue. Elle peut aussi être conservée en sirop, confite ou encore être séchée. Le jacquier est très riche en fibres ce qui en fait un pansement naturel pour protéger le côlon des déchets polluants. « D’une part, il facilite la digestion avec sa teneur élevée en fibres. D’autre part, il prévient les risque d’ulcères de l’estomac et joue un rôle sur les problèmes intestinaux comme la diarrhée », peut-on lire sur la plateforme de Bénin fruits & fleurs.
En outre, l’arbre donne un bois dur de belle teinte jaune à grain fin, utilisé en ébénisterie, pour la confection de meubles ou en marqueterie.
Yélian Martine AWELE
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