ALTERNARIOSE : une maladie cryptogamique dangereuse pour la culture de tomate
![ALTERNARIOSE : une maladie cryptogamique dangereuse pour la culture de tomate](https://lerural.bj/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Tomate.png)
L’alternariose est une maladie cryptogamique provoquée par des champignons de la famille Alternaria souvent présent dans les régions tempérées et tropicales provoquant chez les plantes notamment la tomate, un mauvais accroissement. Comment se manifeste donc cette pathologie chez les plantes et plus précisément chez la tomate ?
Tomate atteinte d’alternariose
Nadège EKPO
Le développement des maladies dans la production maraîchère constitue une contrainte majeure pour la durabilité de la filière végétale. Le maraîchage est confronté aux pathologies nuisibles qui, à chaque saison culturale, sont responsables de la perte d’une large part des récoltes. On note aussi une baisse croissante des rendements et une diminution considérable du revenu des maraichers.
Ainsi, plusieurs facteurs sont enregistrés sur la manifestation de l’alternariose chez la plante de tomate. Ces manifestations entraînent des tâches sombres arrondies sur les feuilles les plus basses (et donc les plus âgées), puis sur l’ensemble de la plante. Le feuillage atteint jaunit peu à peu et se nécrose progressivement. Le champignon se répand également sur les tiges, pétioles et pédoncules et provoque à son tour la mort de l’organe (feuille, fruit, fleur, tige) située après la nécrose. Lorsque quelques spores atteignent un fruit, via le pédoncule ou les sépales, ils provoquent une lésion circulaire sombre et dure qui se recouvre de feutrage noir. « Ces lésions forment de plus une porte d’entrée attractive pour d’autres champignons ou bactéries » explique Wiliam Adjakpa, technicien en production végétale.
« De plus, cette maladie très grave est également connue sous le nom de plaie de fruits secs, taches de sécheresse, manifestations brunes, macrosporiose et autres noms similaires. Un fait intéressant est qu’il est en fait assez difficile de comprendre et de distinguer une telle maladie à un stade précoce » a-t-il ajouté. En outre dans le cas d’une attaque précoce, la culture peut être détruite complètement, si l’attaque est tardive, la suppression des premières feuilles atteintes permette de conserver un niveau de récolte correct.
A cet effet, des moyens de prévention sont mises en œuvre pour mettre un terme à l’alternariose chez la tomate. « Il faut utiliser des plantes compagnes, espacer les plants, la rotation des cultures, un paillage du sol est un moyen mécanique relativement efficace pour bloquer les contaminations », conseil Wiliam Adjakpa aux producteurs de tomate. A tout cela, il faut éviter l’utilisation des variétés peu sensibles, éviter les plantations serrées pour favoriser l’aération, éviter les excès d’azote, éviter les arrosages par aspersion et préférer le goutte à goutte.
Par ailleurs, il est préférable que chaque jardinier soit prêt en cas de forte infestation d’utiliser des produits fongicides homologué et autorisé sur tomate.
Pour lutter contre cette maladie nuisible pour la culture de la tomate, il est préférable d’opter pour la production biologique.
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