ATTAQUE DES CULTURES PAR LES COCHENILLES : Dangereuses pour les végétaux, elles ont un antidote
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Les cochenilles sont des insectes piqueurs-suceurs qui parasitent fréquemment les feuilles, les tiges et les branches de nombreux végétaux. Ce qui empêche parfois une bonne récolte des cultures. Mais l’important est qu’il existe des solutions idoines pour y remédier.
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Oyéyèmi AGANI
« Les cochenilles sont de très petits insectes parasites des plantes appartenant à l’ordre des Hémiptères et à la super famille des Coccoidea », laisse entendre l’Entomologiste-Biologiste ZADJI Lionel. Elles sont des espèces qui sévissent en groupe, mais qui se distinguent sous trois types : les cochenilles farineuses, celles à boucliers et celles à carapace. Ces dernières sont regroupées dans le terme de cochenilles à coques. Largement répandues dans le monde, elles apprécient les milieux confinés, chauds, humides et se nourrissent généralement de la sève, affaiblissant ainsi les végétaux. D’après l’Entomologiste-Biologiste, les cochenilles peuvent s’attaquer à presque tous les végétaux et les plus fréquemment touchés sont les arbres fruitiers ainsi que les arbres et arbustes d’ornement. On les retrouver d’ailleurs, sur toute l’année et elles causent des dégâts sur bon nombre de culture.
Les cochenilles se localisent surtout à la face inférieure des feuilles et sur les pétioles, mais aussi sur les tiges et parfois les racines. « Généralement, on remarque un début d’attaque des cochenilles par des minuscules tâches jaunes apparaissant sur les feuilles, près de la nervure principale », a informé l’enseignant chercheur. En effet, les cochenilles perforent les tissus végétaux pour se nourrir de la sève. Cela entraîne une perte de vigueur de la plante, car elle est privée des nutriments essentiels. Les feuilles peuvent se déformer, se flétrir et jaunir, ce qui réduit la capacité de la plante à produire de l’énergie par la photosynthèse.
De plus, les cochenilles sécrètent une substance collante appelée miellat. Ce miellat favorise le développement de champignons tels que la fumagine, qui couvre les feuilles d’une couche noire et réduit la capacité de la plante à respirer et à effectuer la photosynthèse correctement. Cela peut entraîner une diminution de la croissance et de la production des cultures.
Certes ces parasites sont dangereux pour les plantes mais ils ne sont pas invincibles. Selon l’Entomologiste-Biologiste ZADJI Lionel, pour lutter contre ses espèces d’insectes, il faut appliquer des méthodes prophylactiques, donc préventives comme un vide sanitaire. Mais cela reste difficile lorsque des exploitations voisines cohabitent et ont des cycles décalés. Dans tous les cas, dès l’apparition des premiers signes d’attaque, il est préférable d’isoler et d’éliminer la plante atteinte. Donc le premier geste à faire lorsque l’on constate l’attaque des cochenilles est de couper et de brûler les parties atteintes. D’un autre côté, les méthodes biologiques consistent à introduire des prédateurs naturels tels que les coccinelles ou les guêpes parasitoïdes qui se nourrissent des cochenilles. L’utilisation d’insecticides à base de produits naturels tels que l’huile de neem peut également être efficace pour éliminer les cochenilles. Il est également important de pratiquer une bonne gestion culturale en maintenant les plantes en bonne santé, en évitant les stress hydriques ou nutritionnels qui les rendraient plus vulnérables aux attaques de cochenilles. L’observation régulière des cultures permet de détecter rapidement la présence de cochenilles et de prendre des mesures préventives ou curatives.
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