CHOIX DES TOMATES EN CONSERVE TRANSFORMÉES AU BÉNIN : Une manière de soutenir l’économie locale
Pour réduire les pertes post-récoltes de la tomate au Bénin, plusieurs techniques de conservation et de transformation son utilisées. Ces techniques permettent aux transformateurs de maintenir les tomates non seulement naturelles et bénéfiques pour l’organisme des consommateurs mais également profitables à l’économie locale.
Innocent SOGBOESSI (Stag)
La tomate est un légume largement consommé dans le monde et qui occupe une place de choix dans les habitudes alimentaires en Afrique de l’Ouest et en particulier au Bénin. Cependant, sa production, étant saisonnière, pose des problèmes d’accessibilité à certaines périodes de l’année. Pendant la récolte, le marché est souvent saturé, entraînant des invendus et des pertes considérables, ainsi qu’une chute des prix due à une offre excédentaire. Il est important de rappeler que la tomate fait partie des légumes les plus consommés au Bénin et a la particularité d’être très périssable du fait de sa forte teneur en eau.
En effet, pendant la période de pénurie, la tomate devient rare et son approvisionnement repose sur les importations en provenance du Nigéria, du Burkina Faso, du Togo, du Ghana et d’autres pays, ce qui provoque une flambée des prix, allant jusqu’à 5 ou 6 fois de ceux de la période d’abondance sur le marché. D’après une étude de l’institut national des statistiques et de la démographie (INstaD), les prix de la tomate fraîche poursuivent leur tendance haussière dans les marchés de toutes les villes visitées. Les variations des prix observées s’expliquent par la baisse de l’offre des produits sur les marchés malgré les importations de ces derniers.
Pour donc pallier ces pénuries pendant les périodes d’abondance, les transformateurs et conservateurs de tomates du Bénin ont compris l’importance de leur travail et mettent en œuvre des techniques de plus en plus naturelles pour transformer les excédents en produits conservés. Ce qui permet non seulement de réduire les pertes mais aussi de garantir un approvisionnement régulier pour les consommateurs béninois tout au long de l’année.
Les méthodes de conservation utilisées au Bénin incluent des techniques simples et artisanales, facilement reproductibles avec des moyens locaux. Parmi celles-ci, on trouve la tomate pelée, où seule la peau est retirée; la pulpe de tomate, qui donne une pâte faite uniquement de chair de tomate; et la tomate séchée, obtenue en tranchant, égrenant et séchant les tomates, permettant une conservation pouvant aller jusqu’à un ou deux ans.
Au-delà de ces différentes méthodes, plusieurs autres technologies ont été développées. « Nous avons développé plus d’une trentaine de technologies et au moins vingt-huit équipements de transformation », dixit Abel Hotegni, technologue alimentaire au niveau du programme technologique, agricole et alimentaire à l’Institut National d’Agriculture Biologique (INAB). L’une des technologies utilisées par l’INAB consiste à conserver la tomate dans une boîte bien fermée contenant de l’eau salée. Elle est appelée « Saumure de tomate ». « C’est une technologie qui permet de réduire les pertes post-récoltes et qui peut se conserver pendant au moins un an », a expliqué Abel Hotegni.
Il faut noter que les tomates conservées localement au Bénin présentent de nombreux avantages pour les consommateurs et l’économie locale. La transformation locale des tomates soutient l’économie nationale en créant des emplois et en ajoutant de la valeur à la production agricole. Cela réduit également la dépendance aux importations coûteuses, ce qui aide à maintenir des prix plus stables et accessibles pour les consommateurs. Enfin, en privilégiant les produits transformés localement, les consommateurs encouragent des pratiques agricoles durables et favorisent l’autosuffisance alimentaire du pays.
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