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MALADIE HÉMORRAGIQUE DU LAPIN : Des mesures préventives pour pallier ce mal
La maladie hémorragique du lapin (MHL) est une maladie du foie qui atteint les lapins domestiques. Cependant, depuis son apparition, aucun vaccin n’existerait pour l’éradiquer. D’où il est nécessaire de chercher des mesures préventives pour venir en aide aux éleveurs du lapin.
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Causée par un virus de la famille des Caliciviridae, la maladie hémorragique du lapin est une maladie virale qui est très contagieuse et dans la majorité des cas est mortelle. D’après Elisée Bossou, technicien vétérinaire, « c’est une maladie qui sévit et qui frappait les sujets adultes des lapins. Mais il y a une deuxième souche qui frappe aussi les jeunes sujets de lapins ». Autrement dit, il y a deux souches de cette maladie. En effet, quand les sujets sont atteints, plusieurs signes apparaissent.
« C’est une maladie qui se manifeste par le saignement des lapins »
affirme Éphrem Akoeson, éleveur de lapins. D’un autre côté, Élisée Bossou stipule qu’une fois dans le cheptel, elle ne montre pas de symptômes ou de signes apparents. Mais une fois à l’état critique, les lapins crient, s’étirent, tombent et meurent. Aussi, il y a des possibilités de symptômes qui sont la fièvre, la perte d’appétit et faiblesse, les écoulements oculaires parfois hémorragiques, les atteintes neurologiques et respiratoires. On constate aussi un jaunissement des oreilles, aux yeux et aux muqueuses. Par ailleurs, chez les lapins âgés entre 6 et 8 semaines, l’infection n’entraîne souvent pas de symptômes. Elle peut toutefois affecter des lapereaux de 15 à 20 jours de vie, s’ils sont atteints du virus de type 2.
Étant une maladie qui se propage rapidement, elle peut se transmettre par contact direct ou indirect avec la salive, l’urine, les excréments, les sécrétions respiratoires ou la carcasse d’un animal décédé. Les lapins peuvent propager la contagion entre eux par les muqueuses de la bouche, du nez et des yeux. La litière, l’eau et les aliments contaminés peuvent être une source d’infection. Cependant, plusieurs personnes pensent que les humains, les animaux sauvages et les insectes sont aussi susceptibles de transporter le virus et d’agir comme vecteur. C’est ce qu’a clarifié le technicien en tonnant : « ce n’est pas une zoonose, ce sont eux qui sont transmissibles ». Malheureusement, jusque-là, il n’existe pas un traitement efficace pour cette maladie, mais des mesures préventives peuvent être prises.
Focus sur quelques mesures préventives
« D’abord, dans l’élevage il faut la biosécurité, l’hygiène. Ce qui veut dire qu’il y a certains détails comme la partie sanitaire sur lesquels il faut vraiment veiller chez les lapins »,
déclare le technicien. En effet, l’application de mesures de biosécurité strictes demeure le moyen le plus efficace de prévenir la maladie. Il faut isoler les nouveaux venus pendant au moins deux semaines, tout comme les bêtes qui reviennent d’un rassemblement, tenir un registre où sont consignés les renseignements sur les fournisseurs et les acheteurs de lapins. Ensuite, il est très important de surveiller quotidiennement l’apparition de signes de maladie. Lors des soins, il est important de porter des chaussures lavables ainsi que des vêtements propres. Avant et après avoir soigné les animaux, il faut laver les mains, nettoyer les chaussures et changer de vêtements. D’après le technicien, il faut avoir des habits de rechange à l’entrée du cheptel. Nettoyer et désinfecter régulièrement les lieux, les bâtiments et le matériel est aussi un moyen efficace de prévenir contre cette maladie. Enfin, il faut éliminer sans délai et de façon adéquate les carcasses de lapins morts.
« Faire aussi attention au lieu des provenderies et les cabinets vétérinaires car ce sont les vrais points de rencontres »
ajoute Élisée Bossou. Pour maximiser les chances d’éradiquer cette maladie, il faut beaucoup plus miser sur la sécurité sanitaire du cheptel.
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