LA CULTURE « HORS SOL » AU BÉNIN: Une belle avancée au profit de l’agriculture intelligente
La culture « hors sol », encore connue sous l’appellation culture hydroponique, est considérée par ses défenseurs et ses pratiquants comme un mode de culture intelligent, économique et écologique. De plus en plus cette technique de productions végétales, qu’il s’agisse des fruits, légumes, plantes fleuries, arbustes, plantes médicinales, etc., gagne du terrain et le cœur des producteurs au Bénin.
Par Prudence KPODEKON
La culture « hors sol » consiste à cultiver des produits vivriers et maraîchers sains dans un environnement autre que la terre. Firmin Alia, après une formation professionnelle en production hydroponique, s’est lancé dans ce domaine. Aujourd’hui, il est en activité sur un site de production de tomates hors sol dans la commune de Zè, département de l’Atlantique au Bénin. « La culture hors sol est devenue indispensable dans la production végétale », lance-t-il. Selon ce jeune entrepreneur agricole, « les cultures hors sol se définissent comme des cultures où les végétaux effectuent leur cycle complet de production sans que le système racinaire ait été en contact avec leur environnement naturel, qui est le sol. Les racines des plantes reposent donc dans un milieu reconstitué, détaché du sol ».
La culture « hors sol » ouvre de réelles possibilités pour l’avenir afin de répondre aux besoins de l’humanité en matière de sécurité alimentaire. La culture hors sol peut être pratiquée à tout moment de l’année car la solution nutritive est apportée aux plants de façon régulière. Aussi, toute personne qui a reçu une formation technique et pratique en la matière peut-elle la pratiquer. La culture « hors sol » est réalisable par les amateurs autant que par les professionnels. En effet, en hors sol la production se fait généralement sous abris (sous serre). Elle nécessite l’utilisation de substrats et de solutions nutritives. En ce qui concerne les substrats, il peut s’agir d’un sable inerte ou de fibre de coco par exemple. Il faut également de tuteurs, qui sont des dispositifs de supports (piqués de bois ou d’aciers), afin de maintenir les plants en équilibre. Pour apporter de l’eau aux plants, le système d’irrigation de goute à goute est adopté. Dans un contexte d’urbanisation exponentielle de nos villes, la culture « hors sol » présente de nombreux avantages. « En culture hors sol l’espace utilisé est restreint pour un meilleur rendement. La culture hors sol peux être pratiquée dans les maisons et partout ailleurs », a laissé entendre Firmin Alia.
Lorsque l’on n’a pas la chance de posséder un jardin, si petit soit-il, on peut tout à fait acheter un kit hydroponique pour cultiver à l’intérieur de l’habitation. A ces avantages s’ajoutent celles-ci, non moins élogieux. Les cultures hors sol conduisent à une meilleure maitrise des apports d’eau et en éléments minéraux.
Elles permettent la simplification des techniques culturales (la préparation du sol, les sarclages, etc.). De même, les étapes de la fertilisation (amendement et engrais minéraux) et de l’irrigation sont remplacées par l’apport de la seule solution nutritive. Selon le producteur, « la principale raison du développement agricole de la culture hors sol provient de la nécessité d’éliminer certain problème de la salinité ou la contamination par des agents pathogènes. Cette technique a permis, par exemple, de lutter contre la fusariose de l’œillet ou le corky root de la tomate », estime-t-il. « On récolte des produits plus attrayants pour le consommateur, plus propre car jamais souillés de particules de sol et plus brillants puisque ces cultures reçoivent moins de traitements phytosanitaires. Les rendements obtenus en utilisant cette technologie sont en général plus élevés que les cultures en plein sol », a-t-il poursuivi.
Cette technologie agricole n’est pas sans difficultés dans sa pratique, notamment au Bénin. A l’en croire, des charges financières sont induites par une technique de production hors sol. Ces charges concernent d’une part l’investissement du début et d’autre part, les charges proportionnelles annuelles qui impliquent l’entretien et l’achat des substrats et des solutions nutritives. La plupart des techniques hydroponiques utilisent des substrats. Certains de ces produits comme (la laine de roche) ne sont biodégradables et pose des problèmes de déchets aux agriculteurs. Pour pallier ces insuffisances des solutions sont envisageables. « Compte tenu du coût élevé de la production hors sol il serait préférable de s’associer pour faire la production, ou de rechercher des financements de la part des investisseurs capables d’investir dans le domaine. Il faut utiliser des substrats bien étudiés et déjà expérimentés au cours des cultures comme les fibres de coco », recommande Firmin Alia. La culture hors sol est sans aucun doute un espoir pour nourrir l’humanité d’ici à une cinquantaine d’années, notamment les populations urbaines.
209 Comments
Intéressante technique Je souhaite venir au Bénin visiter un site ou deux et échanger avec ceux qui ont déjà mis en pratique cette technique Je suis à Niamey, Niger, au 00227 90 50 19 25 (watsapp) Merci de me contacter
C’est cool, j’aimerais bien suivre cette formation.
C’est trop cool
Bonjour
Je veux avoir des documents aidez moi svp.
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