CHAMPIGNONS DU SOL : Un atout incontournable pour une agriculture biologique durable
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L’agriculture biologique est une pratique qui a connu un essor considérable ces dernières années. Et pour sa durabilité, plusieurs aspects sont considérés et les champignons du sol sont d’une grande potentialité à ne pas négliger.
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Jean-Baptiste HONTONNOU
Elle consiste à cultiver les plantes de manière à protéger l’environnement et à assurer la pérennité des ressources naturelles. L’agriculture biologique est une approche qui s’appuie sur les principes de l’agriculture écologique et de l’agroécologie, qui visent à réduire l’empreinte écologique des activités agricoles tout en assurant la production alimentaire.
En effet, les champignons du sol sont d’une grande importance pour assurer la durabilité de cette forme d’agriculture. Selon Basile Hounwanou, Ingémieur agronome et Forestier,
« le microbiome du sol plus particulièrement les champignons du sol constituent des fertilisants biologiques prometteurs pour une agriculture durable à travers leur association obligatoire avec plus de 80% des végétaux verts ».
A l’en croire, l’une de ces associations, appelée symbiose arbusculaire et vésiculaire (SAV), est reconnue pour sa capacité à améliorer la nutrition minérale des plantes vasculaires ainsi que leurs rendements en milieu réel. Les champignons du sol constituent de ce fait une opportunité pour améliorer la productivité et la résistance aux facteurs de stress pour de nombreuses plantes.
Parlant des facteurs de stress, il faut préciser que ces champignons permettent aux plantes de résister à certaines maladies, ce qui peut réduire l’utilisation de produits chimiques. Également, ils aident les plantes à résister aux stress environnementaux tels que la sécheresse, les températures élevées et les sols pauvres en nutriments. D’un autre côté, ces champignons contribuent à la production de certains aliments bio, tels que les légumes, les fruits et les céréales. Ces éléments sont souvent plus nutritifs que leurs homologues conventionnels.
Dans le cadre d’une série de recherches initiée par l’unité de recherche en Mycologie Tropicale et Interactions Plantes-Champignons du sol pour apporter une connaissance de base sur les champignons du sol vivant en association avec les grandes cultures vivrières et les arbres forestiers, il en ressort plusieurs résultats.
« Les premiers montrent que les arbres forestiers natifs du Bénin et ceux de la sous-région Ouest-africaine abritent une diversité spécifique de champignons ectomycorrhiziens en fonction des zones climatiques indiquant une préférence d’hôte qui laisse envisager des perspectives intéressantes pour la production de bio-inoculant spécifiques pour leur croissance »,
a fait savoir l’ingénieur. Il continue en disant que les cultures telles que le Maïs, le soja et le Coton ont une forte dépendance aux champignons mycorrhiziens, ce qui laisse comprendre que ces derniers pourraient contribuer substantiellement à améliorer leur croissance et productivité. Aussi, « il s’est avéré que certains modes endogènes de gestion des terres sont absolument à promouvoir car elles permettent d’améliorer la santé des sols à travers la préservation et la conservation de l’intégrité biologique des sols », peut-on comprendre par le biais de l’ingénieur.
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