ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES EN MILIEU RURAL : Les mesures à prendre pour une meilleure accessibilité
IMPACT DES HUILES À MOTEUR USÉES SUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT : Quelle gestion pour la préservation saine de la nature ?
Bien gérer le lubrifiant noir après usage reste un défi pour les garagistes, les automobilistes, les usines etc. Malgré qu’il constitue une menace pour l’environnement, il continue d’être mal géré tant ailleurs qu’au Bénin. Ce qui interpelle plus d’uns et demande une action urgente.
Stag Watson Sama
En République du Bénin, l’article 3, alinéa 1 du décret n°2003-330 du 27 août 2003 portant gestion des huiles usagées, « interdit de déposer, de verser ou de laisser des huiles usagées en quelque lieu que ce soit où elles peuvent polluer l’environnement dans ou sur le sol, dans les eaux de surface ou les eaux souterraines, dans les égouts, les canalisations ou les collecteurs ». Cependant, dans les usines et les garages d’automobiles et de motocyclette, ces lubrifiants noirs sont exploités et gérés parfois de manière préjudiciable ou nuisible. Ils sont très souvent stockés pour la vente (aux imprimeries par exemple). Ils sont également réutilisés après traitement pour des véhicules. Certains garagistes affirment aussi que les déchets sont également utilisés à certaines fins que l’on ignore. En majorité, ces huiles usées sont versées dans les caniveaux et parfois versées dans le sol creusé. Cela constitue donc un danger pour l’environnement. En réalité, les huiles à moteurs usées analysées à la sortie des carters contiennent un certain nombre de polluants. Il s’agit des suies ; des résines ; des métaux lourds ; des acides organiques provenant de l’oxydation partielle de l’huile ; du chlore provenant de certains additifs de lubrification ; des composés aromatiques parmi lesquels des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques (HAP) et des phénols, phtalates. Ce sont donc des déchets dangereux pour l’environnement.
Des dangers à fortes conséquences
Les huiles usées qui sont rejetées dans la nature réduisent l’oxygénation de la faune et de la flore existantes car un litre d’huile usée peut couvrir une surface d’eau de 1000 m2. Ensuite, les lubrifiants déversés dans les canalisations peuvent boucher et colmater les filtres. Les nappes phréatiques sont ainsi polluées. L’utilisation par les femmes pour accélérer l’allumage du bois de chauffage lors des cuissons de mets et pour brûler les différents déchets orchestre des fumées noires qui provoquent la destruction de la couche d’ozone en favorisant l’avènement du changement climatique. Enfin, elles détruisent les nutriments dans le sol tout entraînant des problèmes de santé chez l’homme.
Une gestion saine pour la sauvegarde de l’environnement
Le décret n°2003-330 du 27 août 2003 portant gestion des huiles à moteur usées en République du Bénin, dans son article 7, informe que
« tout producteur ou tout détenteur est tenu, selon le cas, de stocker ces huiles usées dans un contenant approprié ou de les déposer dans les conteneurs sélectifs prévus à cet effet ».
Au-delà de cette règlementation, certaines actions pourraient contribuer à bien gérer ces huiles usagées afin de préserver l’environnement. Primo, il faut une collecte appropriée. Il faut être sûr d’avoir collecté les huiles usagées dans des contenants étanches et adaptés spécifiquement à cet usage. Il faut éviter de les mélanger avec d’autres substances dangereuses. Par la suite, il faut un recyclage. Ces huiles peuvent être retraitées et réutilisées, ce qui permet de préserver les ressources naturelles. Il est important de ne pas jeter ces huiles dans les égouts ou les déchets ordinaires. Pour finir, il convient de sensibiliser et éduquer sur l’importance de gérer correctement les huiles à moteur usagées. Sensibiliser aux impacts environnementaux négatifs de leur mauvaise élimination et encourager à adopter des pratiques de gestion appropriées seraient des actions utiles pour l’environnement et les êtres qui y habitent.
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