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MANIOC : Une culture tolérante aux sols pauvres en phosphore
Originaire de l’Amérique du sud, le manioc est l’une des cultures vivrières les plus importantes et cultivées en Afrique et au Bénin en particulier. Contrairement à ce qu’on pense, elle est une culture tolérante aux sols pauvres. Ce qui rend sa culture simple, économique et moins coûteuse.
Tubercules de manioc
Bambo Nestor NOANTI.
À l’instar d’autres rares cultures, le manioc peut pousser et arriver à des rendements raisonnables sur des sols où de nombreuses autres cultures échouerait. Il est très tolérant aux sols pauvres en phosphore et peut en général pousser même en absence de fertilisation phosphorique. Selon une étude scientifique faite sur la nutrition des aliments, cela vient du fait que le manioc a formé une association mutuellement favorable avec un groupe de champignons du sol appelés « mycorhizes à vésicule et arbuscule ». À l’en croire, ces mycorhizes, présentes pratiquement dans tous les sols, s’introduisent dans les racines du manioc et se nourrissent des glucides qu’il produit. En échange, explique-t-elle, leurs longs filaments de mycélium apportent à la racine du phosphore et des micronutriments qu’ils vont chercher dans un volume de sol bien plus vaste que celui à la portée de la racine elle-même. Cette association symbiotique permet ainsi au manioc d’absorber assez de phosphore pour une croissance normale et saine.
Et la majeure partie des nutriments absorbés par le manioc au cours de sa croissance se retrouve dans ses parties aériennes. Le retour au sol des tiges et des feuilles tant comme couverture de feuilles que comme paillis après récolte, apporte de la matière organique au sol. En fait, quand les parties aériennes sont recyclées, l’exportation de nutriments du sol avec la récolte de racines tubéreuses est moins importante que pour la plupart des autres cultures. Par exemple, cette recherche scientifique a démontré qu’un rendement de manioc de 15 tonnes/ha ne prélève qu’environ 30 kg d’azote, 20 kg de potassium (K) et seulement 3,5 kg de phosphore. Le risque d’épuisement du phosphore est donc limité, même après de nombreuses années de production continue de manioc sur une même terre.
Le manioc peut également être cultivé sur des sols très acides et peu fertiles, en raison de sa tolérance aux pH bas et au niveau élevé d’aluminium échangeable qui leur est associé. Là où le rendement de cultures comme le maïs ou le riz est en général sévèrement impacté quand le pH du sol est au-dessous de 5 et que la saturation en aluminium dépasse les 50 pour cent, le rendement du manioc ne commence à fléchir que quand le pH du sol est inférieur à 4,2, et la saturation en aluminium de plus de 80 pour cent. Pour cette raison, le manioc n’a pas en général besoin d’un chaulage du sol, là où il serait indispensable pour d’autres cultures.
Par ailleurs, il est important de souligner que l’obtention d’un rendement très élevé en manioc nécessite quelques stratégies. Selon les conseils de cristal FERMES, il faut d’abord le planter au bon moment. Avant de le faire, il faut déterminer s’il est nécessaire de couper la végétation haute ou d’appliquer un herbicide en fonction de ce qui y pousse en ce moment. Ensuite, maintenir le contrôle des mauvaises herbes tout au long de la saison jusqu’à la fin de la récolte sans oublier que le poids, que ce soit le labour ou le billon, augmentera suffisamment les rendements. Enfin, l’apport des terres de termitière et des engrais minéraux augmentent considérablement le rendement du manioc. Au vu de tout cela, pourquoi ne pas considérer la culture du manioc comme une alternative aux terres que les agriculteurs jugent infertiles ou peu fertile ?
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