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Adaptation de l’agriculture face aux changements climatiques
<< La restauration de la biodiversité régule le climat et favorise la production agricole >>, dixit Gandomè Mayeul QUENUM
Les changements climatiques constituent aujourd’hui un frein pour l’agriculture de par son impact sur la biodiversité et les écosystèmes. Dans cet entretien, Gandomè Mayeul QUENUM, climatologue et expert en changement climatique évoque l’importance de la conservation de la biodiversité et de la restauration des écosystèmes pour l’adaptation de l’agriculture aux changements climatiques.
Quelle est votre définition de la biodiversité et comment celle-ci est-elle liée à l’adaptation de l’agriculture aux changements climatiques ?
La biodiversité est l’ensemble des êtres vivants et des écosystèmes dans lesquels ils évoluent. Elle inclut les plantes, les bactéries, les champignons, les animaux, les humains, et tout ce qui porte une vie. Elle tient compte de la vie elle-même, ainsi que du cadre dans lequel ces êtres vivants évoluent. L’agriculture impacte la biodiversité principalement par l’utilisation d’intrants, tels que les produits chimiques comme les engrais, qui peuvent détériorer la biodiversité. La biodiversité inclut également des organismes tels que les vers de terre, qui aident à nourrir les sols et à les enrichir pour favoriser une production abondante, naturelle ou biologique.
Comment les changements climatiques affectent-ils la biodiversité et les écosystèmes, et quel est l’impact de ces changements sur l’agriculture ?
Les changements climatiques constituent une modification globale de la biodiversité, qui ont des impacts sur les comportements, les productions et les rendements. On ne peut donc pas parler de changement climatique sans prendre en compte la biodiversité. Par exemple, la déforestation a une influence directe sur le climat, en contribuant au réchauffement local. L’impact des changements climatiques sur l’agriculture est direct, car toute modification de la biodiversité a un effet sur l’agriculture qui en dépend. En réalité, tout est interconnecté, et les changements dans un domaine ont des conséquences sur les autres.
En quoi la conservation de la biodiversité et la restauration des écosystèmes peuvent-elles aider l’agriculture à s’adapter aux changements climatiques ?
La conservation de la biodiversité est cruciale, car sa dégradation est souvent causée par la pollution des eaux, des sols et de l’air, qui affecte l’écosystème. Si nous ne préservons pas la biodiversité, cela peut entraîner d’autres phénomènes tels que des inondations, qui peuvent nuire considérablement à l’agriculture et causer des pertes importantes de production. La conservation de la biodiversité et la restauration de son écosystème permettent de retrouver un climat normal, tel que nous l’avions par le passé. Ce climat, qui était connu avant l’intervention de l’homme, favorise davantage l’agriculture.
Quels sont les exemples concrets de la manière dont la conservation de la biodiversité et la restauration des écosystèmes ont amélioré la résilience de l’agriculture face aux impacts des changements climatiques ?
En réponse à cette question, j’aime donner un exemple récent qui a montré l’importance de la conservation de la biodiversité. Pendant la pandémie de Covid-19, de nombreuses usines ont été fermées, ce qui a entraîné une forte réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et une diminution de la circulation automobile dans certains pays développés. Cette interruption a permis la restauration de certains écosystèmes et a réduit l’impact des changements climatiques sur l’agriculture. Par exemple, dans certaines zones du Brésil, où il n’a pas neigé depuis près de 20 ans, il y a eu de la neige lors des saisons de pluies en 2021 et 2022. En Afrique, certains endroits ont connu des conditions climatiques similaires à celles d’il y a 20 ans. Ces exemples montrent comment la conservation de la biodiversité peut contribuer à la résilience de l’agriculture face aux impacts des changements climatiques.
Comment peut-on selon vous encourager les agriculteurs à adopter des pratiques de gestion des terres durables ?
Pour encourager les agriculteurs à adopter des pratiques de gestion des terres durables, je préconise l’arrêt total de l’utilisation de produits chimiques sur les sols, ce qui permettra une restauration plus rapide de l’écosystème. Cela nous permettra également de produire des aliments biologiques, ce qui résoudra de nombreux problèmes de santé. Si nous pouvons convaincre les agriculteurs que leurs actions ont des conséquences sur le monde que nous partageons tous, nous pourrons progresser vers des pratiques de gestion des terres durables.
Votre mot de la fin !
Je souhaite encourager les agriculteurs à adopter des pratiques agricoles biologiques et naturelles qui ne nuisent pas aux sols et aux écosystèmes. Nous devons prendre en compte l’impact de nos actions sur la biodiversité, car cela affecte fondamentalement les changements climatiques. Enfin, je recommande une sensibilisation accrue à la conservation de la biodiversité pour que chacun comprenne l’importance de préserver nos écosystèmes.
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