POMMIER DE SODOME : Une plante aux propriétés médicinales et cosmétiques
Scientifiquement appelé « Calotropis procera », le pommier de Sodome est un arbuste très commun des régions arides d’Afrique et du Moyen-Orient. Ses fruits verts sont comparables à des petites pommes ovales, ou à des testicules (d’où le nom vulgaire d’arbre à couilles qui lui aurait été donné par les légionnaires). A la fois très toxique notamment par son latex, et très utile, le pommier de Sodome est une plante dont les peules savent exploiter toutes les vertus culinaires (préparation de wangashi gassirè), cosmétiques y compris médicinales.
Yélian Martine AWELE
Le pommier de Sodome est une plante dont toutes ses parties sont très bénéfiques pour l’homme et pour les sols. En effet, en agriculture par exemple, ses feuilles peuvent servir de paillis et d’engrais vert. En élevage, les chèvres, parfois aussi les moutons, mangent les feuilles desséchées et les fleurs. Le bois, à l’épreuve des termites, est utilisé pour la confection de huttes ou de toits. On en fait aussi des flotteurs pour la pêche ou des selles. C’est un combustible apprécié, dont la fumée permet le séchage du poisson. Le Calotropis procera sert à prévenir l’érosion du sol et est parfois cultivé comme plante ornementale dans les région sèches ou côtières. Selon Sessou Augustin, Agronome,
« il est le principal coagulant utilisé dans la fabrication du wagashi par les éleveurs peulhs au Bénin. »
Apports culinaires
L’écorce et les rameaux pilés permettent de faire cailler le lait. « Nous utilisons le pommier de Sodome pour coaguler nos fromages ; et nous nous servons aussi de la tige pour mélanger le contenu, c’est-à-dire le lait mis sur le feu », témoigne Sikirath Hada, productrice de fromage Gassirè. Aux dits de cette dernière, il existe plusieurs techniques traditionnelles d’extraction du coagulant. La technique la plus recommandable consiste à laver les feuilles ou la tige, puis les piler dans un mortier ou à les broyer sur une meule de pierre propre. Le broyat est ensuite mélangé à une petite quantité de lait frais ou chaud. Le mélange obtenu est filtré avec un tamis puis ajouté au lait sur le feu. Cette méthode d’extraction est facile et rapide ; elle évite la coloration verte que les feuilles confèrent au fromage. Après un chauffage du lait au feu doux pendant environ dix minutes, le coagulant est ajouté. La quantité de Calotropis procera utilisée est déterminée par les productrices et varie entre 7 et 12g par kilogramme de lait. La coagulation se réalise après 20 à 25 minutes avec apparition en surface de la crème sous forme de mousse huileuse. « A cet instant, on active le feu pour permettre au caillé formé de cuire jusqu’au moment où le petit lait devient jaune clair et transparent. ».
Apports médicinaux et cosmétiques
Le latex par contre est réputé pour soigner les plaies des dromadaires. Il facilite la guérison et la cicatrisation des plaies et peut être utilisé dans la majorité des affections cutanées.
« On peut l’appliquer sur les plaies sales et infectées, ou les ulcères, : une solution réalisée en diluant le latex à 1% dans l’eau »,
notifie Clarisse Makponssè, Dermatologue. Il est aussi utilisé comme antivomitif et vermifuge. Aussi est-il que la décoction de la plante fraiche peut servir à laver les plaies et être appliquée en compresse sur la peau affectée comme les brulures. « Les abeilles viennent pondre leurs larves dans les branches creuses et leur fournissent du miel que les Touaregs consomment », précise l’Agronome Sessou. Ce miel, dit-il, se trouve en fendant les tiges creuses. De teinte foncée, d’aspect pâteux, il a un gout très prononcé de pain d’épices. Le fruit séché au soleil, calciné puis mélangé au beurre de karité est un très bon remède contre la teigne et les dermatoses.
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