PREGERMINATION DE LA POMME DE TERRE : Une technique favorable à une production rentable
- Agriculture
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La pomme de terre est un tubercule et aussi un légume facile de culture qui est riche en glucide. Cependant, pour une bonne culture, la prégermination apparaît comme une technique capitale pour un rendement meilleur. Que peut-on savoir de la prégermination de la pomme de terre ?
Stag Arsène Salanon
La prégermination est une méthode de préparation des pommes de terre, autres tubercules destinés à la plantation ou graines destinées au semis en plein champ ou en pépinière. Au prime abord, la pomme de terre est une culture qui a un cycle entre 70 et 120 jours. En Afrique, les meilleures variétés sont Sahel et Dounia. Et en ce qui concerne la prégermination, il faut des semences de meilleures qualités car la prégermination est une stratégie qui s’effectue dans des conditions contrôlées idéales pour atteindre plus rapidement leur maturité physiologique et ainsi, débuter leur germination. Techniquement, elle nécessite la maîtrise de l’humidité, de la luminosité et de la stabilité de la température. D’après Valère Tadagbé Houansou, Ingénieur agronome praticien, « il faut un climat entre 10 et 25 °C, un sol riche drainant et aéré ».
En effet, si le sol n’est pas riche, il faut l’amender en matière organique. D’après l’ingénieur, il faut tracer les sillons sur la tête des billons. Ensuite, la pomme de terre doit être prégermée dans un lieu frais, à l’abri des rayons directs du soleil. À l’aide d’un râteau, il faut racler le sol et le meubler. Humidifier correctement le sol avec de l’eau à l’aide d’un arrosoir ou d’un bol ou la main. Enfin, il faut déposer les semences sur le sol en regardant l’orientation des germes, c’est-à-dire par où les germes vont sortir. Par la suite, prendre un sac de jute (Dangôté) pour couvrir la pomme de terre et prendre de petits cailloux pour maintenir le sac là-dessus. « La durée normale de prégermination est de 10 à 15 jours au maximum » souligne Valère.
Qu’en est-il de ses avantages ?
« La prégermination permet à la pomme de terre de pousser au champ. Une pomme de terre qui n’est pas prégermée, peut avoir un mauvais comportement au champ ou le taux de perte sera énorme »
déclare Valère Tadagbé Houansou. D’abord, la prégermination est une des mesures les plus importantes pour garantir un bon rendement. Elle donne aux plantes une avance de croissance d’environ deux semaines, c’est à dire une émergence précoce, une croissance initiale rapide et un développement homogène de la culture. Ensuite, la prégermination accélère la levée des pommes de terre et réduit les infections du rhizoctone ou de la jambe noire. Elle favorise la croissance d’un plus grand nombre de tiges par pomme de terre et permet une croissance plus rapide, ce qui limite le développement des maladies et des mauvaises herbes. Enfin, grâce à la prégermination, certains freins liés aux divers temps intervenants dans la période de production sont réduits tels que la dormance des graines (céleri, panais, persil), le désherbage et le repiquage ou transplantation. Tous ces freins sont autant d’éléments que le jardinier ou le maraîcher souhaite limiter pour une production plus sereine et homogène. D’après l’ingénieur, on prégerme aussi pour ne pas avoir des pommes de terre pourris.
Par ailleurs, il convient de retenir que cette technique ne s’applique pas pour les pommes de terre achetées prégermées en jardinerie et donc prêtes à planter. La germination des pommes de terre s’applique aux plants achetés non germés et aux pommes de terre de l’année précédente.
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