ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES EN MILIEU RURAL : Les mesures à prendre pour une meilleure accessibilité
CUNICULTURE : Une activité peu coûteuse et simple à pratiquer
La cuniculture ou encore cuniculiculture est l’élevage des lapins domestiques. Elle est une technique qui présente plusieurs avantages aussi bien dans les milieux ruraux qu’urbains. Au Bénin, l’élevage du lapin présente bien des avantages pour les familles paysannes et les consommateurs des villes. Cet élevage reste simple à conduire, et demande un investissement limité.
Yélian Martine AWELE
Dans la nature, un animal se nourrit en fonction des besoins de son organisme, de ses mœurs et de la disponibilité de la nourriture.
« Les lapins élevés en colonie ou en cage, dépendent entièrement de l’éleveur pour leur nutrition. Celui-ci doit apporter chaque jour l’eau et la nourriture à ses animaux »,
déclare Benoit Djèdatin, éleveur de lapins. Les lapins doivent toujours avoir de l’eau et de la nourriture à leur disposition. « Les mangeoires et les abreuvoirs ne doivent jamais être vides. Les lapins bien nourris sont robustes et ont un beau pelage. Ils grandissent vite, font beaucoup de lapereaux et tombent rarement malades », ajoute-t-il.
L’étude du lapin domestique a permis de cerner le problème des besoins alimentaires du lapin, en particulier en matières minérales, vitamines, cellulose (ou aliment de lest), lipides, protéines, glucides libérant de l’énergie, etc.
« La ration alimentaire correspond à la quantité de tous les aliments consommés sur une journée par l’animal. Equilibrée, elle doit satisfaire ses besoins »,
explique Omonlara Adjadi, promotrice de la ferme Oluwachéyi. Pour cette dernière, les besoins alimentaires des lapins s’expriment surtout en eau : « contrairement à ce que bon nombre d’éleveurs pensent, le lapin boit de l’eau. Il est vrai que cet herbivore lorsqu’il est alimenté exclusivement avec de l’herbe fraîche et riche en eau, boit peu. Mais nourris avec des aliments secs (foin, granulé ou farine), les jeunes en croissance boivent 1,5 à 2 plus que la quantité d’aliment sec qu’ils mangent tandis que la lapine allaitante boit 2 à 2,5 fois plus d’eau qu’elle ne mange d’aliment.
Comme celle des humains, cette eau doit être potable pour ne pas entraîner de maladies. Si l’eau est sale, même s’il a soif, le lapin ne boit pas poursuit-elle. Cet élément vital et ses qualités conditionnent la santé des lapins tant en maternité qu’en engraissement, permettant une bonne lactation et une bonne croissance de la naissance à l’abattage. L’eau est un facteur de réussite, mais peut aussi être source de problèmes selon l’attention qu’on y porte. Ainsi, Benoit Djèdatin recommande-t-il de prévoir en moyenne par jour : « 0,2 à 0,3 litres d’eau par lapin en croissance ; 0,6 à 0,7 litres d’eau pour une lapine allaitante ; un litre et plus par jour pour une lapine et sa portée au cours de la semaine précédant le sevrage », avant d’ajouter qu’il faille faire attention au gaspillage, aux abreuvoirs peu stables qui se renversent trop facilement. « Comme pour l’aliment, le lapin boit un grand nombre de fois au cours de la journée et de la nuit (25 à 30 fois en moyenne par 24 h). Bien veiller à ce que les bacs et les abreuvoirs soient remplis en permanence, en particulier le soir avec une quantité suffisante pour la nuit. »
L’élevage du lapin présente beaucoup d’avantages aussi bien dans les milieux ruraux qu’urbains : « élevage simple, il demande un investissement limité, le prix d’achat du lapin (très raisonnable) permet de compléter les repas avec des protéines », fait savoir le spécialiste. Les petits prix d’installation, l’organisation d’une surveillance vétérinaire pour prévenir les maladies et la mise en place d’un circuit de commercialisation ont permis à 44 familles de s’installer. Aujourd’hui autonomes, elles assurent leur sécurité alimentaire et financière par l’autoconsommation et la vente de lapins.
Pour favoriser la filière cunicole au Bénin, l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO) à travers le projet « d’Appui à la professionnalisation de la filière d’Elevage cunicole au Sud-Bénin » (APFECS) soutient la professionnalisation de la filière. Ce projet fait partie des initiatives soutenues dans le cadre du programme « Promotion de l’agriculture familiale en Afrique de l’Ouest » porté par la Fondation de France et le CFSI.
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