INFLUENZA AVIAIRE : Une maladie virale et dévastatrice à lourdes conséquences
L’influenza aviaire, communément appelé Grippe aviaire est une infection virale hautement contagieuse des oiseaux domestiques et d’élevage. Une maladie qui sévit de façon dure et ravage tout ce qu’il y a sur son passage. Quelle est la cause de cette maladie et comment y remédier ?
Oyéyèmi AGANI
L’influenza aviaire (IA) est une maladie infectieuse, très contagieuse causée par des virus influenza de type A, qui touche de très nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux sauvages, de compagnie et à ceux dans les parcs zoologiques. L’infection (IA) est due au virus de l’Influenza de Type « A » et se traduit en effet, chez les oiseaux domestiques par deux formes selon le Médecin Vétérinaire, Dégnon Djidohoun. Il s’agit de « l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène » et de « l’influenza aviaire faiblement pathogène. »
« L’Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène (HPAI) contient les virus H5, H7 (H5N1, H7N2) responsables de la Grippe aviaire qui circule dans le monde avec un taux de mortalité très élevé (jusqu’à 100{e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} dans 48 h) chez quelques espèces de volailles (Dinde et poulet) »,
souligne le médecin. « L’Influenza Aviaire Faiblement Pathogène (LPAI) possède les virus H9, H6. Le plus récent est le H9N2qui est lacause des épidémies chez la volaille, mais généralement non associées à des signes cliniques sévères avec des taux de mortalité de 3 à 7{e43727ebdf1c82cdaf05db1b2e953f1c6b388407dfc0230603c9b856384b4112} », a-t-il ajouté.
Elle devient dangereuse quand elle s’associe à la Bronchite Infectieuse à Coronavirus, à la maladie de Newcastle, à la maladie respiratoire chronique et aux colibacilloses. En outre, les hôtes du virus sont les oiseaux sauvages (surtout aquatiques), réservoirs naturels du virus et la volaille domestique malade. Les volailles d’élevage peuvent donc être contaminées par les oiseaux sauvages infectés ou lors d’épizootie, par d’autres oiseaux domestique, qu’ils soient d’élevage ou d’agrément. Il est présent dans la salive, les sécrétions nasales, les matières fécales et la maladie est transmise par contact direct avec les oiseaux malades et de façon indirecte par les oiseaux sauvages réservoirs, matières souillées (eau, aliments, équipements contaminés), chaussures et vêtements, les véhicules, les insectes, les animaux de compagnies. Les symptômes chez les oiseaux sont divers : troubles nerveux, troubles respiratoires, troubles digestifs, œdèmes de la tête, baisse du nombre d’œufs pondus et mortalité. Dans les cas les plus graves, elle peut apparaitre quasiment sans symptômes préalables.
Quand il s’agit de l’Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène,elle se manifeste par des signes cliniques et lésionnels comme : l’abattement des oiseaux, paralysie des pattes, suffusions hémorragiques sur les pattes, œdème des crêtes et des barbillons, hémorragie au niveau de la trachée et de l’intestin, une mortalité élevée. Suite à tous ces dégâts que cause le virus (IA), les volailles domestiques se retrouvent banalement face à la mort. Cependant, les études ont montré que ce virus peut être contrôlé et prévenu par les mesures de biosécurité et la vaccination.
« Le virus de l’influenza aviaire est un virus à ARN enveloppé, fragile dans le milieu extérieur et facilement inactivé par la chaleur et par la plupart des désinfectants usuels »,
affirme le médecin vétérinaire Dégnon Djidohoun. Les vaccins contre les 02 formes sont fabriqués et utilisés dans certains pays. Mais au Bénin, la vaccination contre ce virus n’est pas autorisée malgré ses nombreux épisodes de l’Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène ou Grippe Aviaire qui ont été détecté dans des fermes avicoles de la région méridionale. La lutte contre le virus (IA) est beaucoup plus basée sur la prophylaxie sanitaire en appliquer des règles de Biosécurité.
Pour remédier aux dégâts que cause ce virus, les éleveurs doivent alerter le service vétérinaire le plus proche dès l’apparition des signes cliniques. Ils ne doivent jamais vendre les animaux malades. Également, ils ne doivent pas procéder au saigné des animaux et surtout applique le bio-confinement et la bio-exclusion (rien ne sort, rien ne rentre). Il faut également « mettre des mesures de biosécurité très énergiques au niveau des fermes avicoles », a-t-il conclu.
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