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Biosécurité et vaccination : Les clés de la prévention de la Bronchite Infectieuse chez les volailles
La Bronchite infectieuse est une maladie hautement transmissible due à un virus de la famille des coronaviridae, encore appelé coronavirus. Cest une maladie respiratoire virale aiguë, contagieuse des volailles qui laisse des séquelles sur son passage. Quelles sont ses symptômes et comment y remédier ?
Oyéyèmi AGANI
La bronchite est une maladie cosmopolite qui provoque de lourdes pertes économiques chez les oiseaux du genre Gallus, que ce soit chez les poulets de chair, les poules pondeuses ou les poules reproductrices. C’est un virus qui possède de nombreux sérotypes à tropisme respiratoire, rénal ou génital. En effet, le terme bronchite sous-entend une atteinte respiratoire, mais en fonction de la souche de l’agent pathogène, le virus peut également toucher les appareils urogénital et digestif de la poule. Dans certains cas, les reins peuvent également être touchés. Selon le Dr Djidohoun Dégnon, vétérinaire consultant chez Ceva et Laprovet Bénin-Togo, c’est la deuxième maladie du top 10 des maladies aviaires après l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène.
« C’est un virus à ARN qui subit de nombreuses mutations, ce qui donne une grande variabilité de sérotypes. De nouvelles souches « variantes » apparaissent fréquemment, ce qui complique et augmente le coût de la prévention par la vaccination (tous les vaccins ne protègent pas contre toutes les souches) »,
a expliqué le Dr Djidohoun.
La bronchite est principalement transmise par voie respiratoire et conjonctivale, par les aérosols et les fèces. Les matières virulentes sont constituées par les sécrétions nasales et les fientes. Sa transmission est horizontale, de façon directe (contact entre oiseaux malades et oiseaux sains) et indirecte (par l’eau, le matériel avicole). Par ailleurs, la bronchite infectieuse est une maladie rarement mortelle (sauf si elle est associée à l’influenza aviaire faiblement pathogène H9, E. Coli, Mycoplasme). Selon le Dr Djidohoun Dégnon, en fonction des organes cibles, le virus peut avoir un tropisme sur le système respiratoire (halètement, toux, éternuement, râles et aérosacculite), le système rénal (chez les jeunes de 3 à 6 semaines : retard de croissance, plumes ébouriffées et augmentation de la consommation d’eau avec des lésions d’hypertrophies des reins) et le système génital (impact important chez les poules pondeuses : chute de ponte, fausses pondeuses, œufs anormaux (coquille fragile et décolorée, déformation des œufs et blanc d’œufs aqueux) et diminution du taux d’éclosabilité chez les reproducteurs).
Dans ce cas, le taux de morbidité (malades) est proche de 100% et le taux de mortalité est faible (jusqu’à 30% chez les jeunes). Cependant, l’incidence économique de la Bronchite Infectieuse a des conséquences dévastatrices sur la santé des poules. Nous avons notamment
« des gains de poids et indices de consommation dégradés, des pertes énormes dues à la chute de ponte et à la baisse du taux d’éclosion des poussins, ainsi que la saisie des carcasses des poulets de chair à l’abattoir en raison des lésions de néphrite avec hypertrophie rénale »,
a fait savoir le Dr.
Pour apporter des solutions aux nombreux dégâts causés par ce virus, des études ont montré que pour la vaccination contre la Bronchite Infectieuse, la combinaison de deux souches – l’une très immunogène (Mass H120) et l’autre très différente d’elle génétiquement et antigéniquement (793/B souche 1/96) – induit une protection contre un large panel de souches de Bronchite Infectieuse. Toutefois, il est à rappeler que la Bronchite Infectieuse n’est pas une maladie à Déclaration Obligatoire comme la grippe aviaire. Mais le MAEP, à travers le Centre National des Produits Biologiques à Usage Vétérinaire, a mis à la disposition des aviculteurs professionnels des vaccins (vivants et inactivés) contre les différentes souches, soit de types Massachusetts et des souches variantes.
Le Dr. recommande donc aux éleveurs deux mesures de prophylaxie : la prophylaxie sanitaire qui consiste à ce que les acteurs respectent rigoureusement les règles de biosécurité pour limiter le risque d’infection, avec un bon programme de nettoyage et de désinfection, et la prophylaxie médicale qui consiste à appliquer un bon programme de vaccination en utilisant les bonnes souches vaccinales, tout en respectant de bonnes pratiques.
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