WATERLIGHT : Une solution innovante au service des communautés isolées
PAILLAGE EN AGRICULTURE : Une méthode aux avantages tant agronomiques qu’environnementaux
Le paillage consiste à couvrir le sol, autour des plantations, avec des paillis constitués par des différents matériaux d’origine naturelle organique ou minérale. Pratiquée désormais par plusieurs producteurs au Bénin, important est-il de faire une lumière sur les avantages de cette méthode.
Jean-Baptiste HONTONNOU
Il est mis en place juste avant la plantation après la préparation du sol et après une irrigation convenable pour les paillages manufacturés synthétiques. Pour les paillages végétaux, ils sont mis en place après plantation.
Le Bénin est ouvert à la pratique du paillage des cultures dans toutes ses zones agroécologiques. Moins exploitée dans les bas-fonds en période humide, elle constitue l’une des stratégies qu’enseigne à ses bénéficiaires le projet Centre de Connaissances de l’Agriculture Biologique et l’Agroécologie en Afrique (CCAB ou KCOA – Knowledge Centre for Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Africa, en anglais) mis en œuvre au Bénin par le Centre SONGHAÏ.
Sur le plan agronomique, se servir du paillage permet d’accélérer la croissance des cultures dans certains cas par atténuation des variations thermiques. Il maintient plus long l’humidité du sol qui favorise la faune et la flore du sol. Aussi, protège-t-il la structure du sol contre l’effet érosif des pluies. Dans le cas des paillages organiques, le sol est enrichi en matière organique. Egalement, le paillage diminue le risque de contamination des feuilles et des fruits en maraîchage par certains bio agresseurs telluriques et diminue le lessivage. Parlant des avantages environnementaux du paillage, il y a en premier lieu la lutte contre l’érosion, la préservation de la qualité de l’eau due à une moindre utilisation d’herbicides. Pas d’éléments polluants dans le papier kraft qui peut donc être laissé sur place ou enfoui sans affecter la qualité du sol.
Le paillage n’a pas que des avantages environnementaux ni agronomiques mais aussi organisationnels. Car, il y une diminution du temps de désherbage, la facilité de la récolte pour certaines cultures comme la salade, et une diminution du temps de travail du sol avant plantation ou du temps requis pour la plantation de taros ou le semis de maïs et le pois canne.
En ce qui concerne la qualité des produits, il faut dire que le paillage permet un meilleur visuel dû à la propreté des produits récoltés et offre moins de résidus d’herbicides. Pour ce qui est du plan économique, le paillage diminue le coût de la main d’œuvre pour le désherbage manuel ou des traitements. Aussi, réduit-il le coût des traitements herbicides et la consommation d’eau.
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