ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES EN MILIEU RURAL : Les mesures à prendre pour une meilleure accessibilité
L’ÉLEVAGE DE PINTADE AU BÉNIN: De nombreux agriculteurs s’y intéressent
Dans plusieurs pays, les hommes et les femmes peuvent améliorer leur ration alimentaire et l’apport nutritionnel de leurs aliments tout en faisant fortune au marché grâce à l’élevage des pintades. Toutefois, les éleveurs et les éleveuses doivent suivre les bonnes pratiques s’ils veulent récolter des fruits .
Un enclos de pintadeaux
Laure LEKOSSA.
Il existe trois systèmes d’élevage des pintades : l’élevage en plein air (ou élevage extensif), l’élevage semi-intensif et l’élevage intensif. La majorité des agricultrices et agriculteurs d’exploitations familiales pratique l’élevage en plein air, car c’est le moins cher. Certains pratiquent également l’élevage semi-intensif. Au niveau de l’élevage en plein air, les troupeaux de volatiles se nourrissent sur de grands espaces, et dorment généralement sur les arbres entourant les habitations. Très peu d’intrants sont utilisés, il n’y a aucun suivi médical, la production et les bénéfices sont faibles. Le besoin de capitaux et le coût de production sont faibles. Les problèmes se situent au niveau des prédateurs et des voleurs, et le taux de mortalité élevé est lié à divers facteurs. Concernant l’élevage semi –intensifs, les troupeaux errent et se nourrissent sur des espaces restreints, généralement clôturés. Généralement, des poulaillers sont aménagés pour protéger les volatiles de la chaleur et du froid, et leur permettre d’avoir de la nourriture et de l’eau en plus. La clôture protège les volatiles des prédateurs et des voleurs. Les aliments coûtent moins cher et les volatiles sont moins stressés que dans le système d’élevage intensif. Les coûts sont plus élevés qu’avec le système d’élevage en plein air, mais la production et les bénéfices sont plus importants.
Michel Dossou est le gérant de la ferme la Main de Dieu. Ici se pratique l’élevage des pintades et c’est le système semi –intensif qui est adopté. Rencontré dans une écloserie, il nous explique le processus d’obtention des pintadeaux « On achète les œufs dans le nord puis nous les mettons en incubation dans l’écloserie. Ensuite après 28 jours d’incubation, nous obtenons les pintadeaux et nous les gardons d’abord avec de l’eau sucrée comme aliment qui est signe d’énergie en plus du maïs concassé les 3 premiers jours couplés avec la provende pour leur donner de l’énergie. Nous continuons aussi avec la vitamine 5. Pour chaque poussin, nous leur donnons 15 g de provende par semaine, la deuxième semaine, nous augmentons à 5g et la 3ème semaine, nous augmentons aussi et ça fait 25 grammes. Nous faisons l’éjuntage des pintadeaux à partir de la deuxième semaine pour les empêcher de voler. Nous les conduisons ensuite à partir de 1 mois d’âge vers le site qui leur est réservé ». Pour ce qui concerne le suivi note-t-il, il y a un plan profilaxie qui est respecté. L’abri protège les volatiles des maladies, des prédateurs et du mauvais temps. Elle permet aux éleveuses et aux éleveurs de contrôler plus facilement l’état de santé de leurs volatiles, et ramasser les œufs et le fumier. Une chose que soutient Michel Dossou.
Les pintades sont omnivores. Quand elles sont élevées en plein air, elles sont de véritables dévoreuses d’insectes. Les pintades passent leur temps à détecter le moindre mouvement dans les herbes et à attraper leur nourriture, qui est également composée de grains germés et de verdure. Vous pouvez leur donner en complément des mélanges de céréales comme le blé, l’avoine, l’orge ou le maïs. Si vos pintades ne disposent pas d’un assez grand espace pour avoir une alimentation très équilibrée, vous devrez compléter leur nourriture avec de la verdure fraîche et des pâtées (mélanges de farine, de son, d’herbes et d’eau) comme celles destinées aux poules).
Quelques difficultés rencontrées dans ce type d’élevage.
Les difficultés liées à l’élevage des pintadeaux sont relativesà la mort des poussins à bas âge. Les prédateurs mangent beaucoup de pintades Il n’y a pas beaucoup d’aide de la part des services de vulgarisation et souvent, les femmes n’ont pas accès à des prêts pour constituer un troupeau ou élever un troupeau. Des difficultés d’achat des poussins qui sont réellement en bonne santé sont aussi rencontrées.
Compte tenu des difficultés d’accès des œufs, sa ferme ne commercialisa pas encore les pintadeaux. Une manière de garder les pintades jusqu’à l’obtention des œufs. L’activité selon les acteurs s’avère rentable au regard des nombreuses ressources qu’elle procure. L’élevage des pintades nécessite de bonnes pratiques de couvaison et d’alimentation des pintadeaux que les agriculteurs doivent observer pour une parfaite rentabilité. La mortalité des pintadeaux est assez importante. Elle est due, entre autres, à l’excès de chaleur, ou au contraire à un froid trop fort, au manque d’espace, aux abreuvoirs contaminés par des maladies ou à la présence de vers. Pour éviter ces problèmes de santé aux pintades, l’important est de bien les nourrir et de bien les protéger . Michel Dossou l’a compris et s’évertue à cela au quotidien .
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